{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T01:09:53Z","timestamp":1773796193200,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,10]],"date-time":"2013-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1378771200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Intern J of Cosmetic Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Synopsis<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>The perceived health and physiologic functioning of skin depends on adequate oxygen availability. Economical and easily used therapeutic approaches to increase skin oxygenation could improve the subjective appearance of the skin as well as support the management of some cutaneous conditions related to chronic hypoxic ischaemia (e.g. ulcerative wounds). We have tested the hypothesis that the O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> partial pressure of skin (PskO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>) increases during immersion in water enriched with high levels of dissolved oxygen.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A commercially available device was used to produce water containing 45 to 65\u00a0mg\u00a0L<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> of dissolved O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>. Young adults (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">YA<\/jats:styled-content>;<jats:italic> n\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=\u00a07), older adults (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OA<\/jats:styled-content>;<jats:italic> n\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>13) and older adults with diabetes (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OAD<\/jats:styled-content>;<jats:italic> n\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>11) completed different experiments that required them to immerse their feet in tap water (&lt;2\u00a0mg\u00a0L<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> of O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>; control) or O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\u2010enriched water (O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\u2010H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O; experimental) for 30\u00a0min. Transcutaneous oximetry was used to measure PskO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> for 20\u00a0min pre\u2010 and post\u2010immersion.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Pre\u2010immersion mean (standard deviation) PskO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> on the plantar surface of the big toe was 75 (10), 67 (10) and 65 (10) mmHg in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">YA<\/jats:styled-content>,<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"> OA<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OAD<\/jats:styled-content>, respectively. Post\u2010immersion PskO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> was 244 (25), 193 (28) and 205 (28) mmHg for the same groups. We also show that post\u2010immersion PskO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> varies by location and with advancing age.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Water is an effective vehicle for transporting dissolved O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> across the skin surface and could be used as a basis for development of economical therapeutic approaches that improve skin oxygen tension to support skin health and function.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ics.12083","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,31]],"date-time":"2013-07-31T19:15:42Z","timestamp":1375298142000},"page":"600-607","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Skin oxygen tension is improved by immersion in oxygen\u2010enriched water"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"S. 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