{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T14:29:37Z","timestamp":1774535377524,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,27]],"date-time":"2014-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1395878400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Intern J of Cosmetic Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Synopsis<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Retinoids are used as therapeutic agents for numerous skin diseases, for example, psoriasis, acne and keratinization disorders. The same substances have also been recognized in the treatment for hyperpigmentation disorders such as melasma.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Other studies on photo\u2010damaged skin have shown that retinoids reduce wrinkles, surface roughness, mottled pigmentation, and visual skin appearance as a whole. We tested the hypothesis that an organoculture of full\u2010thickness human skin could be used as a preclinical model to investigate the retinoid transcriptional profile in human skin <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Full\u2010thickness skin explants were exposed to topically applied all\u2010trans retinoic acid (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RA<\/jats:styled-content>) for 24\u00a0h. The gene expression profile was analysed using oligonucleotide microarrays, and data were validated with real\u2010time (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RT<\/jats:styled-content>) <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PCR<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We showed that the expression of 93\u00a0genes was significantly altered more than twofold. Several of the altered genes, for example, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">KRT<\/jats:styled-content>4, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CYP<\/jats:styled-content>26 and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LCN<\/jats:styled-content>2, have previously been shown to be affected by <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RA<\/jats:styled-content> in keratinocyte monocultures, reconstructed epidermis and skin biopsies from patients treated topically or orally with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RA<\/jats:styled-content>. In addition, genes, such as <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SCEL<\/jats:styled-content>,<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"> NRIP<\/jats:styled-content>1, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DGAT<\/jats:styled-content>2, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RDH<\/jats:styled-content>12 EfnB2, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MAPK<\/jats:styled-content>14, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SAMD<\/jats:styled-content>9 and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CEACAM<\/jats:styled-content>6 not previously reported to be affected by <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RA<\/jats:styled-content> in human skin, were identified for the first time in this study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The results in the present study show that full\u2010thickness human explants represent a valuable pre\u2010clinical model for studying the effects of retinoids in skin.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ics.12121","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,24]],"date-time":"2014-02-24T10:22:56Z","timestamp":1393237376000},"page":"253-261","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Transcriptional changes in organoculture of full\u2010thickness human skin following topical application of all\u2010trans retinoic acid"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"J. 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