{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T06:18:42Z","timestamp":1789539522449,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,29]],"date-time":"2014-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1419811200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Intern J of Cosmetic Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Synopsis<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>Face painting in the colours of the national flags has become a mass phenomenon during international mega sporting events. Face paints, belonging to the group of lipophilic decorative cosmetics, pose an analytical challenge, especially in the sample preparation steps to obtain sample extracts of the colouring agents of low solubility.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>In the context of official cosmetics control, a sample of German flag\u2010coloured face paints (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a042) offered during the soccer world cup 2014 was analysed. Sample\u2010clean\u2010up of hydroalcoholic and dichloromethane sample extracts was conducted using preparative thin\u2010layer chromatography (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TLC<\/jats:styled-content>). For identification, analytical <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TLC<\/jats:styled-content>, spectrophotometry considering bathochromic effects, and high\u2010performance liquid chromatography (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LC<\/jats:styled-content>) with diode array detector were applied. Nuclear magnetic resonance (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NMR<\/jats:styled-content>) spectroscopy and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LC<\/jats:styled-content>\u2013tandem mass spectrometry (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LC<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MS<\/jats:styled-content>\/<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MS<\/jats:styled-content>) were used in positive cases for confirmatory analysis. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NMR<\/jats:styled-content> spectroscopy was also applied to determine the identity and purity of reference substances. Risk assessment was provided using the margin of exposure (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MOE<\/jats:styled-content>) methodology.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The prohibited red colouring agent <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> 15585 (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">D<\/jats:styled-content>&amp;<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C R<\/jats:styled-content>ed <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">N<\/jats:styled-content>o. 9, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">P<\/jats:styled-content>igment <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">R<\/jats:styled-content>ed 53:1), which is carcinogenic in animals, was positively identified in 40% of the analysed samples. Per face painting event, about 0.04\u00a0mg\u00a0kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> bw (adult) or 0.11\u00a0mg\u00a0kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> bw (child) of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> 15585 is systemically absorbed. Assuming an annual use of five times (adult) or 20 times (child), the exposure would be 5.8E\u201004\u00a0mg\u00a0kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> bw per day (adult) or 5.8E\u201003\u00a0mg\u00a0kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> bw per day (child). The <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MOE<\/jats:styled-content> in these worst\u2010case scenarios would be 6871 (adult) and 695 (child). Because the mechanism of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> 15585 is non\u2010genotoxic and the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MOE<\/jats:styled-content> is higher than a safety factor of 100, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> 15585 does not pose a serious health risk to the consumer, but should be avoided for reasons of precautionary public health protection.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>An analytical strategy to determine colouring agents in face paints was developed and non\u2010compliance with the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">E<\/jats:styled-content>uropean <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">U<\/jats:styled-content>nion (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EU<\/jats:styled-content>) cosmetic products regulation in a considerable number of products was detected. An increased control frequency especially at the points of entry into the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EU<\/jats:styled-content> is recommended.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ics.12181","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,13]],"date-time":"2014-11-13T14:15:56Z","timestamp":1415888156000},"page":"187-195","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Chemical analysis and risk assessment of prohibited colouring\u00a0agents in face paint with special regard to <scp>CI<\/scp> 15585 (<scp>D<\/scp>&amp;<scp>C R<\/scp>ed <scp>N<\/scp>o. 9, <scp>P<\/scp>igment <scp>R<\/scp>ed 53:1)"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"A.","family":"Keck\u2010Wilhelm","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemisches und Veterin\u00e4runtersuchungsamt (CVUA) Karlsruhe Weissenburger Strasse 3 76187 Karlsruhe Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"Kratz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemisches und Veterin\u00e4runtersuchungsamt (CVUA) Karlsruhe Weissenburger Strasse 3 76187 Karlsruhe Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Mildau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemisches und Veterin\u00e4runtersuchungsamt (CVUA) Karlsruhe Weissenburger Strasse 3 76187 Karlsruhe Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Ilse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemisches und Veterin\u00e4runtersuchungsamt (CVUA) Karlsruhe Weissenburger Strasse 3 76187 Karlsruhe Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Schlee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemisches und Veterin\u00e4runtersuchungsamt (CVUA) Karlsruhe Weissenburger Strasse 3 76187 Karlsruhe Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3115-864X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"D. 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