{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T02:30:56Z","timestamp":1792204256834,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,9]],"date-time":"2016-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1457481600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"L'Or\u00e9al"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Intern J of Cosmetic Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>The microbiological contamination risk of a cosmetic product has to be assessed by the manufacturer, according to the composition, to determine whether microbiological testing is required. Certain ingredients in cosmetic formulations help to create an environment hostile towards microbial growth. In this study, the influence on microbial survival of some solvents used in nail varnishes was evaluated. The purpose of this study was two\u2010fold. The first was to define the thresholds to be considered for the exemption of products from microbiological testing. The second was to assess the cross\u2010contamination risk linked to the use on successive consumers of solvent\u2010based products in beauty salons.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Strains of <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic> Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic> Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic> Candida albicans<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Trichophyton rubrum<\/jats:italic> were exposed to various concentrations of ethyl acetate, butyl acetate and isopropyl alcohol in culture medium to estimate their MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration). These strains are relevant to cosmetic products as they are associated with skin and nail infections. Mixtures of the three solvents, which are characteristic of nail varnish compositions, were also tested for their cidal activity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Ethyl and butyl acetates had a stronger impact than isopropyl alcohol: the MIC of ethyl and butyl acetate is \u22645% for all of the tested strains, whereas that of isopropyl alcohol is \u226410%. Various combinations of the three solvents tested showed a significant effect on both fungal and bacterial strains (greater than 3 log reduction in 15 min for the bacterial test strains and in 30 min for <jats:italic>T. rubrum<\/jats:italic>).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Products containing more than 5% ethyl or butyl acetate or more than 10% isopropyl alcohol are hostile towards microbial growth. These products can therefore be considered as microbiologically low risk during both production and use, and so do not require microbiological testing (challenge test and end\u2010product testing). Moreover, the nine tested mixtures of these three solvents \u2013 which are characteristic of nail varnish compositions \u2013 all have a high cidal activity on the tested strains within a short time. The risk of cross\u2010contamination can therefore be considered as controlled when the nail varnishes are applied on successive clients in beauty salons.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ics.12314","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,18]],"date-time":"2016-02-18T06:52:56Z","timestamp":1455778376000},"page":"476-480","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Antimicrobial activity of Butyl acetate, Ethyl acetate and Isopropyl alcohol on undesirable microorganisms in cosmetic products"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"C.","family":"Lens","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Keybio ZI Les Paluds BP 1427 13785 Aubagne Cedex France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Malet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"L'Or\u00e9al Research &amp; Innovation 188\u2010200 rue Paul Hochart 94550 Chevilly\u2010Larue France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Cupferman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"L'Or\u00e9al Research &amp; Innovation 188\u2010200 rue Paul Hochart 94550 Chevilly\u2010Larue France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","unstructured":"Official Journal of the European Union.Regulation (EC) No 1223\/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 November 2009 on cosmetic products Annex I Part A."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","unstructured":"SCCS Notes of Guidance for the testing of cosmetic substances and their safety evaluation 8th revision para 4.4 pp.75\u201376 11 December2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","volume-title":"Cosmetics \u2010 Microbiology \u2010 Guidelines for the Risk Assessment and Identification of Microbiologically Low\u2010risk Products","author":"ISO 29621:2010","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-2494.2007.00365.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1201\/b15076","volume-title":"Principles for Product Preservation in Preservative\u2010Free and Self\u2010Preserving Cosmetics and Drugs","author":"Kabara J.J.","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ics.12183"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.60.4.369-379.1950","article-title":"Inhibition of growth of aerobacter aerogenes: the mode of action of phenols, alcohols, acetone, and ethyl acetate","volume":"60","author":"Dagley S.","year":"1950","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2008.01273.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","volume-title":"Chemical Disinfectants and Antiseptics \u2014 Preservation of Test Organisms Used for the Determination of Bactericidal (including Legionella), Mycobactericidal, Sporicidal, Fungicidal and Virucidal (including bacteriophages) Activity","author":"NF EN 12353:2013","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","volume-title":"Cosmetics \u2010 Microbiology \u2013 Detection of Specified and Non\u2010Specified Microorganisms","author":"ISO 18415:2007","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","unstructured":"Fungal Biodiversity CBS Laboratory Manual SeriesEdited byCrous P.W. Verkley G.J.M. Groenewald J.Z.andSamson R.A.(2009)"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-008-9100-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-9-303"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","volume-title":"Chemical Disinfectants and Antiseptics \u2010 Quantitative Suspension Test for the Evaluation of Basic Bactericidal Activity of Chemical Disinfectants and Antiseptics \u2010 Test Method and Requirements (phase 1)","author":"NF EN 1040:2006","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","volume-title":"Chemical Disinfectants and Antiseptics \u2010 Quantitative Suspension Test for the Evaluation of Basic Fungicidal or Basic Yeasticidal Activity of Chemical Disinfectants and Antiseptics \u2010 Test Method and Requirements (phase 1)","author":"NF EN 1275:2006","year":"2013"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Cosmetic Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fics.12314","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/ics.12314","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,3]],"date-time":"2023-10-03T17:05:59Z","timestamp":1696352759000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/ics.12314"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,9]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/ics.12314"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ics.12314","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0142-5463","1468-2494"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0142-5463","type":"print"},{"value":"1468-2494","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,9]]}}}