{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T10:32:09Z","timestamp":1774866729171,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,22]],"date-time":"2016-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1474502400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"GOJO Industries, Inc., Akron, OHIO, USA"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Intern J of Cosmetic Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>The aim of this exploratory study was to investigate the effect of ethanol, isopropanol and n\u2010propanol on stratum corneum (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SC<\/jats:styled-content>) enzymes and keratinocytes <jats:italic>in\u00a0vitro<\/jats:italic> together with their effects on skin condition and function.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Activities of kallikrein 5 (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">KLK<\/jats:styled-content>5) and phospholipase A2 (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PLA<\/jats:styled-content>2) as well as keratinocyte metabolic activity, interleukin\u20101<jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic> (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101<jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>) and tumor necrosis factor\u2010<jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic> (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TNF<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>) were measured <jats:italic>in\u00a0vitro<\/jats:italic> in the presence and absence of the different alcohols. We also measured transepidermal water loss (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TEWL<\/jats:styled-content>), skin capacitance, visual dryness and visual redness on the volar forearms of 25 Caucasian women following application of the alcohols 20 and 100 times per day over a period of 14\u00a0days in a clinical study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Reduced activities of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">KLK<\/jats:styled-content>5 and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PLA<\/jats:styled-content>2 were observed in the presence of the alcohols. The greatest denaturing effect was always observed for n\u2010propanol (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001), and in the case of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PLA<\/jats:styled-content>2, the effect of isopropanol was greater than ethanol (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001). Equally, ethanol had the mildest effects on keratinocyte metabolic activity and cytokine secretion (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001) and n\u2010propanol always produced the most severe changes in normal and differentiated keratinocytes. These <jats:italic>in\u00a0vitro<\/jats:italic> findings supported the clinical results where the major effects were on the induction of skin irritation (increased dropout rates) and ranked the intolerance of the different alcohols as follows: n\u2010propanol\u00a0&gt;\u00a0isopropanol\u00a0&gt;\u00a0ethanol. At the high application frequencies, the effect of the different alcohols on transepidermal water loss (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TEWL<\/jats:styled-content>) and skin capacitance was similar, but at the low application frequencies, n\u2010propanol had a significant effect on <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TEWL<\/jats:styled-content> and capacitance values (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05). Equally, n\u2010propanol and isopropanol produced significantly more skin redness at the low application frequencies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Clearly, isopropanol and n\u2010propanol caused significant <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SC<\/jats:styled-content> and keratinocyte perturbation <jats:italic>in\u00a0vitro<\/jats:italic> together with damage to skin condition and function <jats:italic>in\u00a0vivo<\/jats:italic> whereas ethanol did not. As a result, we show that ethanol\u2010based sanitizers are better tolerated by skin, particularly in high\u2010use settings, than other alcohols and should be the active ingredient of choice.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ics.12364","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,31]],"date-time":"2016-08-31T07:41:35Z","timestamp":1472629295000},"page":"188-196","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Effect of different alcohols on stratum corneum kallikrein 5 and phospholipase A<sub>2<\/sub> together with epidermal keratinocytes and skin irritation"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"T.","family":"Cartner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"GOJO Industries, Inc PO Box\u00a0991 Akron OH 44309\u20100991 USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"N.","family":"Brand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy UCL London UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GOJO Industries, Inc PO Box\u00a0991 Akron OH 44309\u20100991 USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Saud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GOJO Industries, Inc PO Box\u00a0991 Akron OH 44309\u20100991 USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"Carr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carr Consulting Wilmette IL USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Stapleton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy UCL London UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M. 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