{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T02:06:25Z","timestamp":1790474785963,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,20]],"date-time":"2018-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1519084800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Intern J of Cosmetic Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of a hand\u2010held indentation device for fast and reliable determination of skin stiffness.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Device accuracy to indentation depths of 0.6 and 1.3 mm was first evaluated on plastic foam materials with mechanical properties verified by a laboratory material testing device. Subsequently, the device's sensitivity to detect age\u2010related changes in skin stiffness was evaluated among 46 healthy women (18\u201379 years). Finally, the reproducibility of the method was tested with six healthy subjects.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>High correlation was detected between indentation stiffness of reference material and Young's modulus determined with mechanical testing device (0.6 mm indenter: <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic> = 0.97, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.05; 1.3 mm indenter: <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic> = 0.98, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.04). Age\u2010related decrease of 38% in skin stiffness was observed in healthy volunteers (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.05). The coefficient of variation for 0.6 and 1.3 mm indenters was 7.4% and 8.5%, respectively. No trend related to hysteresis effect was observed from repeated measurements.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The presented indentation technique was accurate against the laboratory material testing device. Furthermore, skin changes related to ageing could be detected with the indentation technique. The new device was found to be feasible for monitoring skin stiffness in cosmetics and clinical conditions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ics.12444","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,3]],"date-time":"2018-01-03T16:16:04Z","timestamp":1514996164000},"page":"134-140","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Accuracy and reliability of a hand\u2010held <i>in vivo<\/i> skin indentation device to assess skin elasticity"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"40","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7685-7911","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"T.","family":"Vir\u00e9n","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Physics University of Eastern Finland Kuopio Finland"},{"name":"Cancer Center Kuopio University Hospital Kuopio Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. T.","family":"Iivarinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Physics University of Eastern Finland Kuopio Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. K.","family":"Sarin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Physics University of Eastern Finland Kuopio Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"I.","family":"Harvima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital Kuopio Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H. N.","family":"Mayrovitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology College of Medical Sciences Nova Southeastern University Ft. 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