{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T17:36:38Z","timestamp":1790789798548,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,25]],"date-time":"2018-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1532476800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Intern J of Cosmetic Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The physiopathology of epidermal hypermelanization in melasma is not completely understood. Several cytokines and growth factors are increased in skin with melasma, nevertheless, nor the pathways involved in the increased <jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MSH<\/jats:styled-content> expression have been adequately evaluated, nor a model for sustained focal melanogenesis is available.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To explore stimulatory pathways for epidermal pigmentation in facial melasma related to <jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MSH<\/jats:styled-content>: those linked to ultraviolet radiation, oxidative stress, inflammation, neural crest pigmentation cell differentiation and antagonism of <jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MSH<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Paired skin biopsies (3\u00a0mm) from 26 women with facial melasma and from normal adjacent skin (&lt;2\u00a0cm far) were processed for immunofluorescence with markers for p53, p38, <jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MSH<\/jats:styled-content>,<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"> MC<\/jats:styled-content>1R, Melan\u2010A, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101<jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>,<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"> COX<\/jats:styled-content>2, Wnt1, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">WIF<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101 and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ASIP<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The fluorescence intensity in the skin from melasma was higher for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MC<\/jats:styled-content>1R, <jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MSH<\/jats:styled-content> at epidermis as at melanocytes (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05). There were no differences between the sites in epidermal protein expression of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">COX<\/jats:styled-content>2, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101<jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>, p53, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">WIF<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101 and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ASIP<\/jats:styled-content> (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&gt;\u00a00.1). P53 was expressed only in epidermis, without difference between sites (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.92). <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">WNT<\/jats:styled-content>1 was remarkable in the epidermis of melasma (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.01), but not in dermis. Positive p38 cells were prominent in the upper dermis of melasma (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.01), despite no marking in epidermis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Melanogenesis in melasma involves epithelial secretion of <jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MSH<\/jats:styled-content> and activation of the Wnt pathway; nevertheless, it seems to be independent of the stimulation by ultraviolet radiation\/p53, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101<jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>,<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"> COX<\/jats:styled-content>2\/PgE<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">WIF<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101 and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ASIP<\/jats:styled-content>. Damaged cells at upper dermis suggest the role of senescence\/autophagy in sustained pigmentation in melasma.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ics.12468","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,30]],"date-time":"2018-05-30T13:32:35Z","timestamp":1527687155000},"page":"420-424","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Exploring pathways for sustained melanogenesis in facial melasma: an immunofluorescence study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"A. C. C.","family":"Esp\u00f3sito","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Dermatologia e Radioterapia Av. Prof. M\u00e1rio Rubens Guimar\u00e3es Montenegro SN Faculdade de Medicina da UNESP Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Rubi\u00e3o Jr.18618\u2010687 Botucatu SP Brasil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Brianezi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Patologia Av. Prof. M\u00e1rio Rubens Guimar\u00e3es Montenegro SN Faculdade de Medicina da UNESP Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Rubi\u00e3o Jr.18618\u2010687 Botucatu SP Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N. P.","family":"de Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Patologia Av. Prof. M\u00e1rio Rubens Guimar\u00e3es Montenegro SN Faculdade de Medicina da UNESP Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Rubi\u00e3o Jr.18618\u2010687 Botucatu SP Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L. D. 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