{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T16:20:41Z","timestamp":1788970841369,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,9]],"date-time":"2019-05-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1557360000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Intern J of Cosmetic Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Dandruff is a complex skin condition characterized by unpleasant itching and flaking of the scalp. It is primarily attributed to the over colonization of <jats:italic>Malassezia<\/jats:italic> yeasts such as <jats:italic>Malassezia globosa<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Malassezia restricta<\/jats:italic>. Some studies also suggest the involvement of staphylococci bacteria in dandruff disease pathogenesis. We aimed to access the effectiveness of anti\u2010dandruff treatments by determining the efficacy of the active antifungal agents alone or in commercial shampoo formulations against <jats:italic>Malassezia<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Staphylococcus<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The minimum inhibitory concentrations of three anti\u2010dandruff shampoo antifungals (zinc pyrithione, ketoconazole and ciclopirox) and the witch hazel extract, hamamelitannin were tested against commensal <jats:italic>Malassezia<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Staphylococcus<\/jats:italic> species using broth microdilution methods. In experiments simulating shampoo exposure and washing conditions on the scalp, we also tested the ability of the above agents in shampoo formulation (Head and Shoulders<jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup> (H&amp;S), Ketomed<jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>, Sebiprox<jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>, Erol Healthcare Hair Shampoo<jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup> respectively) along with a generic over\u2010the\u2010shelf shampoo to inhibit microbial growth.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Ketomed<jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup> and H&amp;S shampoo were the most effective treatments against <jats:italic>Malassezia<\/jats:italic> in <jats:italic>in\u00a0vitro<\/jats:italic> assays and washing simulation experiments. Erol Healthcare Hair Shampoo<jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup> was less effective against <jats:italic>Malassezia<\/jats:italic> as it required a longer contact time to achieve growth inhibition for some species. Sebiprox<jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup> showed variable efficacy in washing and contact time experiments whereas the generic over\u2010the\u2010shelf shampoo was the least effective in inhibiting <jats:italic>Malassezia<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Staphylococcus<\/jats:italic> growth.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>From these findings, it is reasonable that patients with dandruff may benefit from applying specific antifungal shampoo although results may vary with microbial species, time of contact and shampoo formulation components.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ics.12525","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,9]],"date-time":"2019-03-09T18:43:46Z","timestamp":1552157026000},"page":"221-227","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["<i>In vitro<\/i> efficacy of antifungal agents alone and in shampoo formulation against dandruff\u2010associated <i>Malassezia<\/i> spp. and <i>Staphylococcus<\/i> spp."],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"41","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7100-4282","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C.","family":"Leong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology University Hospital Zurich Zurich Switzerland"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B.","family":"Schmid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology University Hospital Zurich Zurich Switzerland"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Buttafuoco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology University Hospital Zurich Zurich Switzerland"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Glatz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology University Hospital Zurich Zurich Switzerland"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1154-2281","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"P. P.","family":"Bosshard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology University Hospital Zurich Zurich Switzerland"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","first-page":"1477","article-title":"Seborrheic dermatitis and dandruff: a comprehensive review","volume":"3","author":"Borda L.J.","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig. 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