{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T04:16:07Z","timestamp":1790136967011,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,20]],"date-time":"2020-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1595203200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Intern J of Cosmetic Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Visible light, in particular blue light, has been identified as an additional contributor to cutaneous photoageing. However, clinical studies demonstrating the clear effect of blue light on photoageing are still scarce, and so far, most studies have focused on broad\u2010spectrum visible light. Although there is evidence for increased skin pigmentation, the underlying mechanisms of photoageing\n                      <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      are still unclear. Furthermore, there is still a need for active ingredients to significantly protect against blue light\u2010induced hyperpigmentation\n                      <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>Our study had two aims: to detect visible changes in skin pigmentation following repeated irradiation of the skin with LED\u2010based blue light and to reduce pigmentation using suitable active ingredients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We conducted a randomized, double\u2010blind and placebo\u2010controlled clinical study on 33 female volunteers with skin phototypes III and IV. We used a repetitive blue light (4\u00a0\u00d7\u00a060\u00a0J\u00a0cm\n                      <jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>\n                      , 450\u00a0nm) irradiation protocol on the volunteers\u2019 inner forearms. Using hyperspectral imaging, we assessed chromophore status. In addition, we took chromameter measurements and photographs to assess visible hyperpigmentation.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We measured significant changes in chromophore status (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001 vs baseline), that is of melanin, haemoglobin and oxygen saturation, immediately after blue light irradiation. In addition, we found visible skin colour changes which were expressed by a significant decrease in ITA\u00b0 values (delta ITA\u00b0\u00a0=\u00a0\u221216.89,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001 vs baseline for the placebo group) and an increase in\n                      <jats:italic>a<\/jats:italic>\n                      * (delta\n                      <jats:italic>a<\/jats:italic>\n                      *\u00a0=\u00a0+3.37,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001 vs baseline for the placebo group) 24\u00a0h post\u2010irradiation. Hyperpigmentation and skin reddening were mitigated by both a formulation containing 3% of a microalgal product and a formulation containing 3% niacinamide.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Our study sets out an efficient and robust protocol for investigating both blue light\u2010induced cutaneous alterations, such as changes in skin chromophores, and signs of photoageing, such as hyperpigmentation. Moreover, we have shown evidence that both an extract of the microalga\n                      <jats:italic>Scenedesmus rubescens<\/jats:italic>\n                      and niacinamide (vitamin B3) have the potential to protect against blue light\u2010induced hyperpigmentation.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ics.12637","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,1]],"date-time":"2020-06-01T09:08:57Z","timestamp":1591002537000},"page":"399-406","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":95,"title":["Pigmentation effects of blue light irradiation on skin and how to protect against them"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"42","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2216-7851","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R.","family":"Campiche","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"DSM Nutritional Products Personal Care &amp; Aroma Wurmisweg 576 Kaiseraugst 4303 Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. J.","family":"Curpen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre International de D\u00e9veloppement Pharmaceutique (CIDP) BioPark Mauritius SOCOTA Phoenicia Sayed Hossen Road Phoenix 73408 Mauritius"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V.","family":"Lutchmanen\u2010Kolanthan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre International de D\u00e9veloppement Pharmaceutique (CIDP) BioPark Mauritius SOCOTA Phoenicia Sayed Hossen Road Phoenix 73408 Mauritius"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Gougeon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Newtone Technologies 13 bis Place Jules Ferry Lyon 69006 France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Cherel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Newtone Technologies 13 bis Place Jules Ferry Lyon 69006 France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Laurent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DSM Nutritional Products Personal Care &amp; Aroma Wurmisweg 576 Kaiseraugst 4303 Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Gempeler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DSM Nutritional Products Personal Care &amp; Aroma Wurmisweg 576 Kaiseraugst 4303 Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2410-6128","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R.","family":"Schuetz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DSM Nutritional Products Personal Care &amp; Aroma Wurmisweg 576 Kaiseraugst 4303 Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1969.03160390039008"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","first-page":"215","article-title":"The nature of photoaging: its prevention and repair","volume":"3","author":"Kligman L.H.","year":"1986","journal-title":"Photodermatology"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.2007.00286.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2018.00162"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep33847"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.11.6255"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.30126"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2011.476"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2009.194"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/phpp.12523"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/579675"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1747.2002.01708.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","first-page":"12","article-title":"Into the blue","volume":"133","author":"Mendrok\u2010Edinger C.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cosmet. 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