{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T14:21:15Z","timestamp":1779286875181,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,21]],"date-time":"2021-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629504000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Intern J of Cosmetic Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>The treatment of acne presents a major clinical and dermatological challenge. Investigating the nanomechanical properties of the microcomedone precursor lesions using atomic force microscopy (AFM) may prove beneficial in understanding their softening, dissolution and prevention. Although the exact biochemical mechanism of NaSal on microcomedones is not fully understood at present, it appears to exhibit a significant exfoliation effect on the skin via corneodesmosome dissolution.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Therefore, to support this exploration, sodium salicylate (NaSal), a common ingredient employed in skin care products, is applied <jats:italic>ex vivo<\/jats:italic> to microcomedones,collected by nose strip adhesive tape, and their nanomechanical properties are assessed using AFM. Although the exact biochemical mechanism of NaSal on microcomedones is not fully understood at present, it appears to exhibit a significant exfoliation effect on the skin via corneodesmosome dissolution.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Herein, our findings demonstrate that when microcomedones are treated with 2% NaSal, samples appeared significantly more compliant (\u2018softer\u2019) ((1.3\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.62) MPa) when compared to their pre\u2010treated measurements ((7.2\u00a0\u00b1\u00a03.6) MPa; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.038). Furthermore, elastic modulus maps showed that after 2% NaSal treatment, areas in the microcomedone appeared softer and swollen in some, but not in all areas, further proving the valuable impact of 2% NaSal solution in altering the biomechanical properties and morphologies in microcomedones.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our results are the first of their kind to provide qualitative and quantitative mechanobiological evidence that 2% NaSal decreases the elastic modulus of microcomedones. Therefore, this study provides evidence that NaSal can be beneficial as an active ingredient in topical treatments aimed at targeting microcomedones.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ics.12729","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,2]],"date-time":"2021-08-02T10:26:36Z","timestamp":1627899996000},"page":"610-618","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Characterizing the nanomechanical properties of microcomedones after treatment with sodium salicylate <i>ex vivo<\/i> using atomic force microscopy"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"43","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1466-5137","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zeinab","family":"Al\u2010Rekabi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences National Physical Laboratory Teddington UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4740-6502","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anthony V.","family":"Rawlings","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AVR Consulting Ltd Northwich UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert A.","family":"Lucas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GlaxoSmithKline Consumer Healthcare Weybridge UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nidhin","family":"Raj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GlaxoSmithKline Consumer Healthcare Weybridge UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4270-6856","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charles A.","family":"Clifford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences National Physical Laboratory Teddington UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.13462"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IJWH.S174292"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2008.05.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamem.2006.06.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamem.2008.06.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(95)80175-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11745-997-0083-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000067825"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000489525"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.15926"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1983.tb07080.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1986.tb04060.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M067942"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0022-202X.2005.23682.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-017-1747-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/CCID.S84765"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1976.tb00825.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1980.tb06590.x"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","first-page":"115","article-title":"Exfoliation for sensitive skin with neutralized salicylic acid?","volume":"11","author":"Merinville E.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Cosmet Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2004.11.032"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0846.2002.00348.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0906-6705.2006.00424.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2005.12.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2012.465"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0846.2010.00446.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1380\/ejssnt.2015.461"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1143970"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2005.08.090"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2019.01.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2016.07.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00128071-200304070-00004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","unstructured":"2013 J. Woodruff A double\u2010blind placebo\u2010controlled evaluation of a 2% salicylic acid cleanser for improvement of acne vulgaris"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","first-page":"115","article-title":"Exfoliation for sensitive skin with neutralized salicylic acid?","volume":"11","author":"Merinville E.","year":"2008","journal-title":"IFSCC Magazine"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1473-2165.2010.00506.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-2494.1982.tb00321.x"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","first-page":"XXXIX","article-title":"A comparative ultrastructural study of hydroxyacids induced desquamation","volume":"12","author":"Corcuff P.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur J Dermatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","first-page":"XXXV","article-title":"Mechanism of action of a lipophilic salicylic acid derivative on normal skin","volume":"12","author":"Leveque J. L.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur J Dermatol"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0846.1995.tb00030.x"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Cosmetic Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/ics.12729","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/ics.12729","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/ics.12729","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,25]],"date-time":"2023-08-25T11:56:16Z","timestamp":1692964576000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/ics.12729"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,21]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/ics.12729"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ics.12729","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0142-5463","1468-2494"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0142-5463","type":"print"},{"value":"1468-2494","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-04-09","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-07-30","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-08-21","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}