{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,21]],"date-time":"2026-06-21T05:39:19Z","timestamp":1782020359235,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,15]],"date-time":"2021-11-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636934400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003052","name":"Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R0002895"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R0002895"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003052","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Intern J of Cosmetic Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this study, we examined the effect of <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>.\u00a0<jats:italic>japonicum<\/jats:italic> flower extract (CFE) on melanogenesis and its mechanism in vitro and ex vivo.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The effect of CFE on melanogenesis was investigated with lightly (HEMn\u2010LP) and moderately (HEMn\u2010MP) pigmented normal human melanocytes, reconstituted three\u2010dimensional skin (3D skin) model and ex vivo human hair follicles. The melanogenesis\u2010inducing effect of CFE was evaluated using melanin content and intracellular tyrosinase activity assay. The amount and type of eumelanin and pheomelanin were analysed by using HPLC method. The mechanism involved in the effect of CFE on hyperpigmentation was explored by cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) immunoassay and western blot analysis for tyrosinase, microphthalmia\u2010associated transcription factor (MITF) and phosphorylated CRE\u2010binding protein (pCREB) expression. The degree of pigmentation in 3D skin and L\u2010values were measured using a CR\u2010300 chroma meter. The amount of dissolved melanin was measured using a spectrophotometer. The content of melanin in the hair follicles was evaluated by Fontana Masson staining.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>.\u00a0<jats:italic>japonicum<\/jats:italic> flower extract significantly increased the melanin content and cellular tyrosinase activity in both HEMn\u2010LP and HEMn\u2010MP cells. The markers of pheomelanin and eumelanin in HEMn\u2010LP and HEMn\u2010MP were also increased by CFE. We observed that CFE treatment on melanocytes increased intracellular cAMP with inducing pCREB and up\u2010regulating the protein levels of TYR and MITF. Furthermore, CFE considerably increased the melanin content in a 3D skin model and ex vivo human hair follicles.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>These results suggest that CFE exerts hyperpigmentation activity through cAMP signalling in human melanocytes that it can improve follicular depigmentation and vitiligo by stimulating the melanin synthesis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ics.12746","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,21]],"date-time":"2021-10-21T19:04:07Z","timestamp":1634843047000},"page":"703-714","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Melanogenesis\u2010promoting effect of <i>Cirsium japonicum<\/i> flower extract in vitro and ex vivo"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Minkyung","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biospectrum Life Science Institute Yongin\u2010si Republic of 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