{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T23:15:19Z","timestamp":1772234119235,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,28]],"date-time":"2023-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679961600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Intern J of Cosmetic Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>An important trend in the personal care industry involves the development of advanced personal cleaning products that not only provide skin mildness but support skin's acid mantle properties and skin's natural antimicrobial defence function.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>The objective of this study was to develop a controlled forearm washing ex vivo method for assessing the impact of personal cleansing products on skin's acid mantle properties and antimicrobial defence against transient bacteria.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We developed a controlled forearm washing ex vivo method (ex vivo NET method) to compare the impact of two representative personal cleansing products on skin's acid mantle properties and antimicrobial defence against transient bacteria: one was a low\u2010pH skin cleanser, and the other was high\u2010pH soap cleanser. Skin pH was measured at baseline and 4\u2009h after the product application. Concurrently, D\u2010squame tape stripping procedure was followed to sample the stratum corneum surface layers. Then, two selected transient bacteria, <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>, were inoculated onto the D\u2010squame tapes and incubated under controlled conditions, respectively. The residual bacteria counts can provide an objective measure of skin's acid mantle properties against transient bacteria. Results from the ex vivo NET method were compared with the traditional in vivo cup\u2010scrub RET method.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The skin pH was significantly lower 4\u2009h after washing the forearm with the low\u2010pH cleanser versus the high\u2010pH soap, consistent with literatures. Interestingly, the skin surface washed by the low\u2010pH cleanser showed significantly higher hostility against representative transient bacteria as demonstrated by the lower counts of <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic> by 1.09\u2009log and <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> by 0.6\u2009log versus the high\u2010pH soap based on the ex vivo NET method. Results from the ex vivo NET method were further supported by the traditional in vivo RET method which also showed the skin washed by the low\u2010pH cleanser had significantly lower counts of <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> versus the high\u2010pH soap.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The skin's acid mantle properties and antimicrobial defence can be directly impacted by the personal cleansing products. The low\u2010pH skin cleanser works better than the high\u2010pH soap for supporting skin's acid mantle properties and antimicrobial defence against transient bacteria. Results from the ex vivo NET method are consistent with the in vivo RET method. It is important that the ex vivo NET method offers many advantages since it is quicker to run with higher throughput and has better safety without the constraint of inoculating harmful microorganisms onto the human subjects.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ics.12840","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,9]],"date-time":"2023-02-09T07:22:12Z","timestamp":1675927332000},"page":"354-361","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A controlled forearm washing ex vivo method for assessing the impact of personal cleansing products on skin's acid mantle properties and antimicrobial defence against transient bacteria"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Feng","family":"Yue","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Procter and Gamble, Beijing Innovation Center  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Betty","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Procter and Gamble, Beijing Innovation Center  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lesheng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Procter and Gamble, Beijing Innovation Center  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amy","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Procter and Gamble, Beijing Innovation Center  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Caroline","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Procter and Gamble, Singapore Innovation Center  Singapore Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zigang","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Beijing Children's Hospital Capital Medical University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1191-760X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karl","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Procter and Gamble, Mason Business Center  Mason Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.12469"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0733-8635(05)70207-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119676881.ch13"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1396-0296.2004.04S1002.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","first-page":"249","article-title":"Review of the instrumental assessment of skin: effects of cleansing products","volume":"42","author":"Kajs TM","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Soc Cosmet Chem"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","first-page":"355","article-title":"Forearm wash test to evaluate the clinical mildness of cleansing products","volume":"39","author":"Lukacovic MF","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Soc Cosmet Chem"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ics.12684"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000489527"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","first-page":"363","volume-title":"Cutaneous barriers in defense against microbial invasion. 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