{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]],"date-time":"2025-11-14T17:42:40Z","timestamp":1763142160526,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"S1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,6]],"date-time":"2023-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696550400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":5,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Intern J of Cosmetic Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To propose a strategy for using sunscreens that optimizes the balance between skin health and adverse effects to humans and the environment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A model was developed to explore the relationship between sunscreen usage and personal sun exposure throughout the year in populations resident at different latitudes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>There is little biological justification in terms of skin health for applying sunscreen over the 4\u20136 winter months at latitudes of 45\u00b0 N and higher, whereas year\u2010round sunscreen is advised at latitudes of 30\u00b0 N and lower. Avoiding sunscreen application at times when it is biologically unnecessary results in an annual reduction in sunscreen use of 25%. Furthermore, using products containing UV filters over the winter months at more northerly latitudes could lead to a higher number of people with vitamin D deficiency. The single largest use of sunscreen is on a sun\u2010seeking holiday and encouragement to make more use of clothing and shade would appreciably reduce the sunscreen burden to the environment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>We need to use sunscreens wisely so that we gain the health benefit from their use while at the same time limiting possible harm to ourselves and the environment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ics.12906","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,6]],"date-time":"2023-10-06T17:38:33Z","timestamp":1696613913000},"page":"45-51","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["When should sunscreen be applied: The balance between health benefit and adverse consequences to humans and the environment"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"45","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8955-125X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brian","family":"Diffey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational and Clinical Research Institute (Dermatology) Newcastle University  Newcastle upon Tyne UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.1998.02160.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.2002.04589.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.21850"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","unstructured":"WinterL.SPF is a skincare priority. 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