{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:04:18Z","timestamp":1790813058169,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,10]],"date-time":"2025-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752105600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Intern J of Cosmetic Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>As the outermost organ of the human body, the skin plays a critical role in protecting against external agents and oxidative stress, as well as in preventing excessive water loss. Among its layers, the stratum corneum of the epidermis is central to both barrier function and moisture retention, with its structural integrity significantly influencing skin health and appearance. Polyethylene glycol\u201023 glyceryl distearate (GDS\u201023) can form niosomes, liposome\u2010like structures with multiple layers and serve as a carrier in drug delivery systems (DDS). We previously reported that GDS\u201023 exerts multiple biological effects, suppressing inflammation and enhancing the endogenous antioxidant system via Nrf2 activation through phosphorylation of the autophagy adaptor protein p62. In this study, we investigated the effects of GDS\u201023 on epidermal barrier function and moisture retention using normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEKs) and a three\u2010dimensional (3D) epidermal model, mimicking human skin structure.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>NHEKs and the 3D epidermal model were treated with GDS\u201023. Gene expression in NHEKs was analysed using real\u2010time polymerase chain reaction, while the levels of epidermal barrier\u2010 and moisture retention\u2010related factors in the 3D model were evaluated using immunofluorescence staining.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Treatment with GDS\u201023 upregulated the mRNA expression of genes involved in stratum cornea formation (filaggrin and loricrin), moisture retention (aquaporin 3 and hyaluronan synthase 3) and intercellular lipid synthesis (ceramide synthase, sulfotransferase 2B1 and peroxisome proliferator\u2010activated receptor \u03b1) in NHEKs. Additionally, treatment with K67, which inhibits p62 phosphorylation and thereby suppresses Nrf2 activation via a non\u2010canonical mechanism, suppressed the GDS\u201023\u2010induced expression of filaggrin, loricrin, ceramide synthase, sulfotransferase 2B1 and aquaporin 3. In the 3D epidermal model, GDS\u201023 treatment upregulated the expression of Nrf2, downstream antioxidant factors and proteins involved in stratum corneum formation and moisture regulation. Mechanistically, GDS\u201023 enhanced endogenous antioxidant function and modulated the expression of molecular markers associated with epidermal barrier and moisture retention, thereby potentially contributing to skin homeostasis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>As GDS\u201023 contributes to the maintenance of skin homeostasis, it is expected to have future applications in the cosmetic field and in the treatment of skin disorders. Overall, GDS\u201023 holds promise as a \u201cmultifunctional DDS material\u201d that promotes skin health.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ics.70005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,10]],"date-time":"2025-07-10T10:39:11Z","timestamp":1752143951000},"page":"1056-1069","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["PEG\u201023 glyceryl distearate, a multifunctional skin\u2010supporting material, upregulates the expression of factors associated with epidermal barrier and hydration"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"47","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-6578-7709","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tatsuro","family":"Miyoshi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Beverly Glen Laboratories, Inc.  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