{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T03:10:29Z","timestamp":1789096229292,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788998400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788998400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Intern J of Cosmetic Sci"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To quantify the effects of water temperature and tap\u2010running behaviour during routine facial cleansing on skin barrier function, skin physiological parameters, make\u2010up\u2010removal efficacy and the associated water and energy consumption.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In a 10\u2010day, randomized, controlled clinical study, 52 healthy adults (46 women, 6 men; aged 19\u201372\u2009years) cleansed their face daily using ELEMIS Pro\u2010Collagen Cleansing Balm under one of four conditions: cool or warm water, with the tap either turned off during cleansing or left running. Participants were blinded to the environmental objectives. Water usage was covertly recorded with calibrated meters on the hot and cold feed pipes. Transepidermal water loss (TEWL; Tewameter\u00ae TM 300), skin hydration (Corneometer\u00ae CM 825), skin pH (skin pH\u2010meter PH 905) and skin radiance and translucency (TLS\u2010850\u00ae, Diastron Ltd) were measured at baseline and on days 1, 2, 4, 7 and 10. Make\u2010up\u2010removal efficacy was evaluated colourimetrically following standardized light\u2010 and heavy\u2010make\u2010up regimens. Cumulative effects on TEWL were summarized as area under the curve (AUC) over 10\u2009days. Between\u2010group differences were tested with two\u2010way ANOVA, the Mann\u2010Whitney U test and the Wilcoxon rank\u2010sum test;\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.05.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Warm\u2010water cleansing used on average 27% more water per cleansing event than cool\u2010water cleansing (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.04). Repeated warm\u2010water cleansing produced a statistically significant increase in TEWL of approximately 3.4\u2009g\u00b7m\n                      <jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u00b7h\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      at day 10 (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.01), consistent with impairment of barrier function, whereas cool\u2010water cleansing produced no significant change (\u0394\u2009\u2248\u20091\u2009g\u00b7m\n                      <jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u00b7h\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      ;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.15). Cool\u2010water cleansing was associated with a small but statistically significant fall in skin surface pH (\u0394 \u22120.4 pH units,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.02), whereas pH was unchanged with warm water. Stratum\u2010corneum hydration declined modestly in all groups. Make\u2010up\u2010removal efficacy did not differ significantly between water temperatures (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&gt;\u20090.05 for all colourimetric comparisons), with both regimens returning skin colour values to baseline.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Routine facial cleansing with cool water preserves skin barrier integrity, supports a more favourable skin surface pH and matches the make\u2010up\u2010removal performance of warm\u2010water cleansing while substantially reducing water and energy consumption. Cool\u2010water cleansing offers a behaviourally accessible route to combine measurable skin benefits with a reduced environmental footprint.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ics.70120","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T02:40:45Z","timestamp":1789094445000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cool versus warm water for facial cleansing: A randomized controlled clinical study of skin barrier, skin physiology, cleansing efficacy and water consumption"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"given":"Stewart","family":"Long","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cutest Systems Ltd.  Cardiff UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kim","family":"Fenn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Elemis Ltd.  Bristol UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathryn","family":"Harvey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Elemis Ltd.  Bristol UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pippa","family":"Ward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cutest Systems Ltd.  Cardiff UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Callum","family":"O'Brien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cutest Systems Ltd.  Cardiff UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1111\/ics.12866","article-title":"Water consumption by rinse\u2010off cosmetic products: the case of the shower","volume":"45","author":"Morizet D","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Cosmet Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","first-page":"1063","article-title":"Comparative greenhouse gas footprinting of online versus traditional shopping for fast\u2010moving consumer goods: a stochastic approach","volume":"22","author":"Shahmohammadi S","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Ind Ecol"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1007\/s12053-009-9072-8","article-title":"Electricity and water consumption for laundry washing by washing machine worldwide","volume":"3","author":"Pakula C","year":"2010","journal-title":"Energ Effic"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11020298","article-title":"Impact of water exposure and temperature changes on skin barrier function","volume":"11","author":"Herrero\u2010Fernandez M","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.1990.tb01553.x","article-title":"Guidelines for transepidermal water loss (TEWL) measurement. 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