{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T00:28:51Z","timestamp":1788308931862,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,26]],"date-time":"2013-07-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1374796800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J Dental Hygiene"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The objective of our study was to investigate the relationship between halitosis and oral bacteria in tongue coating (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TC<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ) and saliva samples from patients with halitosis, and to evaluate the effect of tongue cleaning on halitosis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Ninety\u2010four participants complaining of oral malodour were included in the study. Organoleptic (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OR<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ) values, volatile sulphur compound (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VSC<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ) concentrations determined by gas chromatography and\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TC<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      scores were used as clinical parameters of halitosis. Quantitative real\u2010time polymerase chain reactions were used to determine the numbers of periodontal disease\u2013associated oral bacteria.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      There was a significant correlation between\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TC<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      scores and\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OR<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      values, methylmercaptan (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CH<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SH<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ) concentrations and\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VSC<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      concentrations (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">S<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      pearman's rank\u2010correlation coefficient test,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.01). There was also a positive correlation between the clinical parameters of halitosis and total bacterial numbers and\n                      <jats:italic>\n                        <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">P<\/jats:styled-content>\n                        revotella intermedia,\n                        <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">F<\/jats:styled-content>\n                        usobacterium nucleatum\n                      <\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>\n                        <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content>\n                        ampylobacter rectus\n                      <\/jats:italic>\n                      concentrations in the\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TC<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      samples. However, there was no similar correlation with respect to the saliva samples. The participants were sub\u2010divided into two groups based on whether they had the habit of tongue cleaning or not. The participants with the habit of tongue cleaning had significantly lower\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OR<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      scores,\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VSC<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      concentrations and\n                      <jats:italic>\n                        <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">P<\/jats:styled-content>\n                        .\u00a0intermedia,\n                        <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">F<\/jats:styled-content>\n                        .\u00a0nucleatum\n                      <\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>\n                        <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content>\n                        .\u00a0rectus\n                      <\/jats:italic>\n                      levels than the other participants (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">M<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ann\u2013\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">W<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      hitney\n                      <jats:italic>U<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010test,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      These results suggested that periodontal disease\u2013associated oral bacteria in\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TCs<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      are closely related to halitosis and that tongue cleaning may be an effective method for improving halitosis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  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