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As secondary parameter, tooth surface discoloration was evaluated as a side effect.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MEDLINE<\/jats:styled-content>,<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"> EMBASE<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content>ochrane <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content>entral <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">R<\/jats:styled-content>egister of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content>ontrolled <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">T<\/jats:styled-content>rials were searched up to July 2013 to identify eligible studies. Included were (randomized) controlled clinical trials, regarding self\u2010performed brushing by adults without periodontitis with a minimum duration of 4\u00a0weeks.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Independent screening of 389 unique titles and abstracts resulted in 16 comparisons. Of these, nine evaluated <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CHX<\/jats:styled-content> dentifrice (0.4\u20131.0%) and 7 <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CHX<\/jats:styled-content> gel (0.2\u20132.0%). It was not possible to perform a meta\u2010analysis; therefore, a descriptive analysis was carried out. Regarding plaque score reduction, the majority of the experiments using a <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CHX<\/jats:styled-content> dentifrice provided a significant positive effect. All studies assessing gingival bleeding as parameter for gingivitis observed a significant reduction in favour of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CHX<\/jats:styled-content> dentifrice over placebo dentifrice. Tooth surface discoloration was more pronounced with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CHX<\/jats:styled-content> dentifrice. The combined data concerning parameters of interest for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CHX<\/jats:styled-content> gel compared with a placebo did not show a trend towards a beneficial effect on plaque and bleeding scores.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Within the limitations of this analysis, it may be concluded that toothbrushing with a <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CHX<\/jats:styled-content> gel does not provide conclusive evidence. Brushing with a <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CHX<\/jats:styled-content> dentifrice can be effective with regard to the control of plaque and gingivitis. Tooth surface discoloration was observed as side effect, which potentially can have a negative impact on patients' compliance.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/idh.12050","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,29]],"date-time":"2013-08-29T14:01:57Z","timestamp":1377784917000},"page":"25-35","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["The efficacy of chlorhexidine dentifrice or gel on plaque, clinical parameters of gingival inflammation and tooth discoloration: a systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"DE","family":"Slot","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA) University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"CE","family":"Berchier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA) University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands"},{"name":"Clinic for Periodontology Utrecht The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M","family":"Addy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Oral and Dental Science University of Bristol Bristol UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"U","family":"Van der Velden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA) University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"GA","family":"Van der Weijden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA) University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands"},{"name":"Clinic for Periodontology Utrecht The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.1991.tb02302.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.1994.tb00741.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0757.2009.00337.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.1991.tb02318.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","first-page":"247","volume-title":"Dental Plaque","author":"L\u00f6e H","year":"1970"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.2012.01883.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","first-page":"119","article-title":"Side effects of chlorhexidine mouth washes","volume":"79","author":"Fl\u00f6tra L","year":"1971","journal-title":"Scand J Dent Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.1975.tb01737.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/idh.12026"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0765.1993.tb02097.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","unstructured":"PRISMA Statement. 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