{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T01:16:06Z","timestamp":1790126166766,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,24]],"date-time":"2014-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1406160000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J Dental Hygiene"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To systematically review and evaluate the available scientific evidence on the effectiveness of chlorhexidine dentifrice or gel (CHX DF\/gel) compared to chlorhexidine mouthwash (CHX MW) on plaque, bleeding, gingival inflammation and tooth discoloration scores.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Material and methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>PubMed\u2010MEDLINE, Cochrane\u2010CENTRAL and EMBASE databases were searched to identify appropriate studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Independent screening of the 2256 unique titles and abstracts resulted in five publications that met the eligibility criteria. Considerable heterogeneity was found between the studies. Three of the five studies showed a positive effect on plaque scores in favour of the CHX MW. With respect to gingival index and bleeding scores, no significant differences were found. Chlorhexidine mouthwash, however, showed a significantly more tooth discoloration than the CHX DF\/gel. A meta\u2010analysis of the effect on \u2018\n                      <jats:italic>de novo<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2019 plaque formation of CHX DF\/gel versus CHX MW resulted in a difference in means of 0.27 [95% CI: 0.14; 0.39] (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.0001).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Chlorhexidine gel can be successfully formulated and will inhibit plaque growth to some degree, but not to the same extent, as a CHX MW. When CHX DF\/gel is used in a non\u2010brushing model, it is significantly less effective in plaque inhibition compared to CHX MW. Based on one study when CHX gel was applied with a finger after brushing, it is significantly more effective on plaque scores and the gingival index. The only brushing study also with a long follow\u2010up showed that there is no significant difference between CHX DF and CHX MW. However, as a corollary, significantly more tooth discoloration was observed with the CHX MW. Altogether, the data show that when daily oral hygiene cannot be performed, CHX MW is the first product of choice.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/idh.12078","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,24]],"date-time":"2014-07-24T05:07:31Z","timestamp":1406178451000},"page":"83-92","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":99,"title":["The effect of chlorhexidine dentifrice or gel versus chlorhexidine mouthwash on plaque, gingivitis, bleeding and tooth discoloration:\n                    <i>a systematic review<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"SC","family":"Supranoto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA) University of Amsterdam VU University Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"DE","family":"Slot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA) University of Amsterdam VU University Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M","family":"Addy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dental School University of Bristol Bristol UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"GA","family":"Van der Weijden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA) University of Amsterdam VU University Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1965.36.3.177"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0765.1966.tb01842.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-5037.2006.00168.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","volume-title":"An Introduction to Risk Prediction and Preventive Dentistry 1st","author":"Axelsson P","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0757.2009.00337.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0757.1997.tb00104.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-5037.2005.00145.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.2012.01883.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/idh.12050"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","unstructured":"PRISMA statement. 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