{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T00:04:08Z","timestamp":1784678648580,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,9]],"date-time":"2022-05-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652054400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int J Dental Hygiene"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Nicotine replacement therapy is the first choice pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation. Oral side effects caused due to NRT lead to discontinuation of treatment. The objective of this meta\u2010analysis was to look for the certainty of evidence on the number of patients that reported oral side effects due to the use of NRT.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>Eligible studies were selected and data extraction was carried out independently into a pre\u2010tested data extraction form. Risk of bias was assessed using Cochrane Tool. The heterogeneity between the studies was assessed using Chi\u2010square and I2 tests. Mean difference and Odds ratio at 95% confidence interval were the effect estimates. GRADE working group approach was used to assess the quality of evidence.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Twenty\u2010eight studies were included with moderate to low risk of bias. The pooled estimates revealed a statistically significant number of patients developed mouth or throat irritation (2.54 [1.23, 5.25]), or oral soreness (2.22 [1.40, 3.55]) or gastric reflux or vomiting (1.97 [1.34, 2.90]) due to NRT.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>It is important to understand that significant implications are caused due to NRT, on oral health. All patients on NRT must adhere to their regular dentist visits and must check their oral mucosa before initiating NRT.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/idh.12594","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,29]],"date-time":"2022-04-29T09:15:14Z","timestamp":1651223714000},"page":"3-17","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Oral side effects of locally delivered nicotine replacement therapy: A meta\u2010analysis of randomized controlled trials"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5877-205X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gowri","family":"Sivaramakrishnan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dental Postgraduate Training Department Ministry of Health  Manama Bahrain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muneera","family":"Alsobaiei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dental Postgraduate Training Department Ministry of Health  Manama Bahrain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kannan","family":"Sridharan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences Arabian Gulf University  Manama Bahrain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,9]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","first-page":"CD013183","article-title":"Smoking reduction interventions for smoking cessation","volume":"2019","author":"Lindson N","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntz129"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","first-page":"CD000146","article-title":"Nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation","volume":"11","author":"Silagy C","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","first-page":"CD013308","article-title":"Different doses, durations and modes of delivery of nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation","volume":"4","author":"Lindson N","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ajo.12751"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntab037"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-016-1856-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","first-page":"757","article-title":"Self\u2010perceived Oral symptoms associated with nicotine replacement therapy","volume":"18","author":"Manakil J","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oral Health Prev Dent"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41415-020-1530-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1617-9625-8-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b2700"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d5928"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","unstructured":"Sch\u00fcnemannH Bro\u017cekJ GuyattG OxmanA.Handbook for grading the quality of evidence and the strength of recommendations using the GRADE approach (updated October 2013). 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