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Disinfection methods for DUWLs were categorised into 14 physical and 90 chemical methods. Peroxides, chloramine\u2010based, and biguanide methods were frequently used, often in combination. The effectiveness of these methods varied; for instance, phenolic was effective, while alcohol was not, in reducing bacterial and biofilm contamination. Biguanide, when used alone or combined with chlorine\u2010based or alcohol, showed mixed results. Chlorine\u2010based methods, particularly when combined with quaternary ammonium salt or enzymes, were generally effective. Enzymes and iodophor also demonstrated efficacy, though with some inconsistencies. Mechanical systems, peroxides, quaternary ammonium salts, silver, and tube coatings had varying degrees of success. Other innovative methods, such as <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>Aloe vera<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content> and slightly acidic electrolysed water, showed promise in some studies, but the effectiveness of flushing was questioned. This comprehensive analysis highlights the diversity and complexity of disinfection strategies for DUWLs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Future studies should focus on how material composition and tubing design affect biofilm development and the effectiveness of disinfection methods to guide the design of advanced dental units.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/idh.12899","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,6]],"date-time":"2025-01-06T01:35:52Z","timestamp":1736127352000},"page":"516-527","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Different Disinfection Strategies in Bacterial and Biofilm Contamination on Dental Unit Waterlines: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-6422-4201","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chuang","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Stomatology, Clinic of Stomatology Shantou University Medical College  Shantou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weini","family":"Xin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Stomatology, Clinic of Stomatology Shantou University Medical College  Shantou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1533\/9780857096692.2.166"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjoq-2021-001685"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9080651"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/w14060915"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0809.020063"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574\u2010695X.2012.00971.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140\u20106736(12)60074\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16214242"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/idj.12456"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.1996.0167"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.2004.0019"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","first-page":"865","volume-title":"Documents in European Community Environmental Law","author":"The Council of the European Union","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","unstructured":"National Standard of the People's Republic of China \u201cStandard Examination Methods for Drinking Water\u2014Microbiological Parameters (GB\/T 5750.12\u20102006).\u201d2006."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb.11.104"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.001540"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b2700"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l6890"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","first-page":"171","article-title":"Water Cleaning Systems Improves the Water Quality in Dental Unit Water Lines (DUWL). 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