{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T16:01:59Z","timestamp":1790697719854,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,12]],"date-time":"2026-04-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775952000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,12]],"date-time":"2026-04-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775952000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int J Dental Hygiene"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Gingivitis has a significant impact on periodontal health, both during and after orthodontic treatment. Early detection and management are essential for minimizing tissue damage. This study investigated an early gingivitis detection method using intraoral photographs (IOPs) taken before, at the midpoint (MO), and three\u2010quarters of the way through orthodontic treatment (TO), as well as immediately after debonding (IDO).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To accurately measure gingival redness, the red\/green (R\/G) ratio and grayscale visible\u2010light value were calculated from IOPs using two methods: histogram\u2010based and grey value\u2010based intensity correction (HIC and GIC). The correlations between the gingival index (GI) and these metrics were then analysed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The GI increased at TO and IDO, with significant variation across gingival locations (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). HIC analysis revealed increased R\/G ratios in the papillary gingivae at TO and IDO (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.01). GIC analysis showed higher visible\u2010light values at MO, which decreased at TO and IDO (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.01). The HIC R\/G ratio correlated positively with the GI at IDO in both the maxillary (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.581,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and mandibular (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.556,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) gingivae. Conversely, GIC values were negatively correlated with the GI at IDO for the maxillary (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009\u22120.505,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05) and mandibular (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009\u22120.407,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05) gingivae.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study demonstrates the potential of using HIC IOPs as an early screening tool for gingivitis. By applying image\u2010correction techniques, this novel method enhances diagnostic precision and paves the way for personalized oral disease management through early intervention and tailored patient care.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/idh.70064","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T03:08:50Z","timestamp":1776049730000},"page":"720-729","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Histogram\u2010Corrected Intraoral Photographs for Early Gingivitis Screening in Orthodontic Patients"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3110-6468","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ji\u2010Youn","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental Hygiene, College of Medical Science Gachon University  Incheon Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7627-7394","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kyuseok","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Human Convergence Health Science Gachon University  Incheon Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3367-5894","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Han\u2010Na","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental Hygiene, College of Health Sciences Yonsei University  Wonju Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/585048"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10040780"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.sodo.2007.08.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/1305\u20107456.137651"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.sodo.2024.01.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sdentj.2011.01.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3290\/j.cjdr.b3978667"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cden.2018.08.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Orthodontic Treatment and the Compromised Periodontal Patient","volume":"2","author":"Willmot D.","year":"2008","journal-title":"European Journal of Dentistry"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.sodo.2019.05.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/1678\u2010775720160178"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","first-page":"12","article-title":"Prevalence of Gingival Disease in a Population of Pregnant Women","volume":"9","author":"Nassrawin N.","year":"2022","journal-title":"JRMS, Jordan Medical Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20043705"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0972\u20100707.73381"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022\u20103913(09)60028\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022\u20103913(08)60289\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","first-page":"428","article-title":"Repeatability of Color\u2010Measuring Devices","volume":"6","author":"Lehmann K. 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