{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T06:07:12Z","timestamp":1788934032279,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,12]],"date-time":"2026-07-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783814400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,12]],"date-time":"2026-07-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783814400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int J Dental Hygiene"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Oral health is a multi\u2010factorial condition influenced by diet, hygiene and sociocultural habits and its historical evolution can be traced through the bioarchaeological analysis of dento\u2010skeletal remains, offering unique insights into past lifestyles and public health trends.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This observational study aimed to explore diachronic trends in oral health and hygiene over the last 2000\u2009years in Milan, Italy, through the bioarchaeological analysis of skeletal remains from four historical periods (Roman Era, Early and Late Middle Ages, Modern Era).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Forty individuals (equally represented by biological sex and age\u2010at\u2010death) were examined for dental calculus, wear, caries, and bone resorption. Data were collected using standardised clinical indices (OHI, BEWE, ICDAS, Black's classification and bone resorption) and statistically analysed to identify sex\u2010based and diachronic differences.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Dental wear decreased significantly across historical periods, whereas dental calculus showed a non\u2010significant decreasing trend. These patterns reflect dietary transitions and improved hygiene practices. Caries prevalence varied across periods, peaking in the Modern Era, while bone resorption varied little across periods. Notable sex\u2010based disparities were observed in the earlier periods, especially regarding calculus, but diminished over time.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Skeletal remains provide valuable insight into long\u2010term oral health evolution and emphasise the relevance of archaeological evidence for contemporary public health perspectives.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/idh.70133","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T03:31:08Z","timestamp":1783913468000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Diachronic Trends in Dental Hygiene Over the Last 2000\u2009Years in Milan, Italy: An Exploratory Study"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6674-7850","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucie","family":"Biehler\u2010Gomez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"LABANOF, Laboratorio Di Antropologia E Odontologia Forense, Dipartimento Di Scienze Biomediche per La Salute Universit\u00e0 Degli Studi Di Milano  Milan Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Ascoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche Chirurgiche e Odontoiatriche Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano  Milan Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"Masini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche Chirurgiche e Odontoiatriche Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano  Milan Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Claudia","family":"Manicone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche Chirurgiche e Odontoiatriche Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano  Milan Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3588-9121","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dolaji","family":"Henin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche Chirurgiche e Odontoiatriche Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano  Milan Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Dellavia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche Chirurgiche e Odontoiatriche Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano  Milan Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Carmagnola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche Chirurgiche e Odontoiatriche Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano  Milan Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Porro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e di Comunit\u00e0, Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2023\u20102027 Universit\u00e0 Degli Studi di Milano  Milan Italy"},{"name":"Centro di Salute Ambientale Universit\u00e0 Degli Studi di Milano  Milan Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Cattaneo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LABANOF, Laboratorio Di Antropologia E Odontologia Forense, Dipartimento Di Scienze Biomediche per La Salute Universit\u00e0 Degli Studi Di Milano  Milan Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danilo","family":"De Angelis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LABANOF, Laboratorio Di Antropologia E Odontologia Forense, Dipartimento Di Scienze Biomediche per La Salute Universit\u00e0 Degli Studi Di Milano  Milan Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization \u201cOral Health \u201dpublished March 17 2025 accessed June 12 2025 https:\/\/www.who.int\/news\u2010room\/fact\u2010sheets\/detail\/oral\u2010health."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","volume-title":"FDI's Definition of Oral Health","author":"World Dental Federation","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2017.1293023"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.13189"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.12803"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2018.03.041"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12520\u2010022\u201001616\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010023\u201028406\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jasrep.2023.103945"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010024\u201071607\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jasrep.2024.104966"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.22102"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330300214"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.20776"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/S00414\u2010025\u201003599\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","volume-title":"Developmental Juvenile Osteology","author":"Cunningham C.","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02437238"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.10130"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330680103"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2009.03.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","first-page":"68","volume-title":"Forensic Osteology: Advances in the Identification of Human Remains","author":"Iscan M. Y.","year":"1986"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1902\/JOP.1998.69.10.1176"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/S00784\u2010007\u20100181\u20105\/TABLES\/3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5005\/JP\u2010JOURNALS\u201010005\u20101089"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","volume-title":"A Work on Operative Dentistry. Vol. 2: The Technical Procedures in Filling Teeth","author":"Black G. V.","year":"1908"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","volume-title":"Clinical Operative Dentistry","author":"Simon W. J.","year":"1956"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119592112.ch28"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","volume-title":"Tutto Su Roma Antica. Panorama Di Una Civit\u00e0","author":"Marzocco B.","year":"1963"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","volume-title":"A Tavola Con i Romani Antichi","author":"Dosi A.","year":"1984"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","volume-title":"Vita nella Milano romana: evidenze antropologiche e paleopatologiche provenienti dalla necropoli","author":"Cattaneo C.","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0757.1997.tb00099.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa20530"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1520\u20106300(1999)11:3<327::AID\u2010AJHB5>3.0.CO;2\u2010M"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","volume-title":"L'alimentazione contadina nell'alto Medioevo","author":"Montanari M.","year":"1979"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jas.2024.106054"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1525\/9780520339484"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)90354-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jasrep.2021.103180"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_40_1","volume-title":"Appendice Storia Dell'odontoiatria","author":"Porro A.","year":"2007"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_11_41_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Differences in Oral Health Among Italian Adolescents Related to the Type of Secondary School Attended","volume":"7","author":"Campus G.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Oral Health & Preventive Dentistry"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/IDH.12098"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/632907"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/S00784\u2010007\u20100154\u20108\/FIGURES\/6"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_45_1","volume-title":"Alimentazione e Cultura Nel Medioevo","author":"Montanari M.","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1078\/0018-442X-00055"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_47_1","first-page":"109","volume-title":"La Pr\u00e9paration Alimentaire Des C\u00e9r\u00e9ales","author":"Cazzola F.","year":"1991"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.683399"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/oa.1163"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2024.105364"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/jomfp.JOMFP_110_18"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bdj.2016.528"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1752-7325.2000.tb03328.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s\u20100039\u20101697839"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5005\/jp\u2010journals\u201010026\u20101047"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_56_1","volume-title":"Vita e Costumi Dei Romani Antichi","author":"D'Amato C.","year":"1993"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_57_1","first-page":"39","article-title":"Socio\u2010Economic Influence on Caries Experience and CPITN Values Among a Group of Italian Call\u2010Up Soldiers and Cadets","volume":"3","author":"Senna A.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Oral Health & Preventive Dentistry"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)67728-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_59_1","volume-title":"I Discorsi Di M. Pietro Andrea Matthioli Medico Senese","author":"Mattioli P. A.","year":"1555"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/JCPE.12420"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_61_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization \u201cOral Health Italy 2022 Country Profile \u201d2022 accessed June 12 2025 https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/m\/item\/oral\u2010health\u2010ita\u20102022\u2010country\u2010profile."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/BIOENGINEERING10111274"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchb.2017.09.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jasrep.2017.12.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_65_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Social Archaeology of Funerary Remains","author":"Bello S.","year":"2006"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Dental Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/idh.70133","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/idh.70133","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/idh.70133","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T05:48:12Z","timestamp":1788932892000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/idh.70133"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,12]]},"references-count":64,"alternative-id":["10.1111\/idh.70133"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/idh.70133","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1601-5029","1601-5037"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1601-5029","type":"print"},{"value":"1601-5037","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-06-17","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-07-05","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-07-12","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"idh.70133"}}