{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]],"date-time":"2026-07-18T09:10:27Z","timestamp":1784365827092,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]],"date-time":"2026-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784332800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]],"date-time":"2026-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784332800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int J Dental Hygiene"],"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Introduction<\/jats:title>\n Gingival recession (GR) is the apical displacement of the gingival margin, while gingival abrasion (GA) is the pathologic wear of gingiva by a foreign substance\/object. Both can result in exposure of the root surface and can be associated with sensitivity, caries and compromised aesthetics. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and risk factors for GR\/GA among patients referred to the teaching dental clinic in Baghdad.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n Three hundred and seventy\u2010two subjects diagnosed with periodontal health, gingivitis, and periodontitis were recruited. Self\u2010reported demographic parameters including age, sex, smoking, systemic disease, occupation, education, income, brushing frequency and type of toothbrush were recorded. The number of sites with GR and their depth were also recorded. GA lesions were categorised as small (\u2264\u20092\u2009mm), moderate (2\u20135\u2009mm), and large (>\u20095\u2009mm).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n The prevalence of GR was 42.1% with significantly greater defect depth in periodontitis cases compared to healthy individuals (3.4\u2009\u00b1\u20091.4 vs. 2.1\u2009\u00b1\u20090.9\u2009mm,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.003). The prevalence of GR was highest in lower premolar (22.2%) and maxillary canine (15.5%) sites. Large GA defects (>\u20095\u2009mm) were most prevalent in periodontitis patients. Adjusted models indicated that hard\u2010bristle toothbrush use (OR 3.19; 95% CI 1.38\u20137.38,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.007), presence of periodontitis (OR 12.02; 95% CI 1.83\u201379.13,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.01), and tooth type (OR 0.49; 95% CI 0.30\u20130.81,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.005) were potential risk factors for GA and were also associated with increasing GR defect depth (\n R<\/jats:italic>\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n 0.15,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.001).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n GR\/GA is a common oral health problem and was independently associated with the use of hard\u2010bristle toothbrushes, tooth type, and the presence of periodontitis. However, these results should be cautiously interpreted within the context of a single\u2010centre referral setting.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/idh.70134","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]],"date-time":"2026-07-18T08:52:23Z","timestamp":1784364743000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Prevalence and Risk Factors for Gingival Recession and Abrasion in Periodontally Healthy and Diseased Cohort Referred to Dental Teaching Clinic in Baghdad: A Cross\u2010Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5651-5084","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nada K.","family":"Imran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Dentistry University of Baghdad Baghdad Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali J. B.","family":"Al\u2010Sharqi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Dentistry University of Baghdad Baghdad Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0102-6715","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali A.","family":"Abdulkareem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Dentistry University of Baghdad Baghdad Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1413-4934","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarhang S.","family":"Gul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Laboratory Department, College of Health and Medical Technology Sulaimani Polytechnic University Sulaymaniyah Iraq"},{"name":"Department of Periodontics, College of Dentistry University of Sulaimani Sulaymaniyah Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip M.","family":"Preshaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dentistry University of Dundee Dundee UK"},{"name":"School of Dental Sciences Newcastle University Newcastle Upon Tyne UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bdj.2011.764","article-title":"Gingival Recession: Part 1. Aetiology and Non\u2010Surgical Management","volume":"211","author":"Patel M.","year":"2011","journal-title":"British Dental Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/563421","article-title":"Gingival Recession: Review and Strategies in Treatment of Recession","volume":"2012","author":"Pradeep K.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Case Reports in Dentistry"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.12968\/denu.2024.51.3.177","article-title":"Gingival Recession. Part 1: Prevalence and Aetiology","volume":"51","author":"Hudson J.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Dental Update"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2015.140520","article-title":"Update on Prevalence of Periodontitis in Adults in the United States: NHANES 2009 to 2012","volume":"86","author":"Eke P. 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