{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T04:08:26Z","timestamp":1788926906637,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788825600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788825600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int J Dental Hygiene"],"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n This study aimed to evaluate the influence of common coffee additives on tooth discolouration and assess the effectiveness of two commercially available whitening toothpastes in removing these stains.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n Sixty bovine enamel specimens were randomly assigned to six groups (\n n<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u200910 per group) according to the coffee solution used: black coffee (control), coffee with sugar, stevia, Sweet'N Low, Splenda, or cream. Specimens were immersed for 7\u2009days, and colour measurements were obtained every 24\u2009h using a spectrophotometer and quantified using the CIEDE2000 colour difference formula (\u0394E\n 00<\/jats:sub>\n ). After staining, specimens were brushed with either a hydrogen peroxide\u2013based toothpaste (V) or an abrasive\u2010based toothpaste (WS) for up to 10,000\u2009cycles, with colour measurements repeated during the brushing phase (1000, 3000, 5000). An additional 18 specimens (\n n<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20093 per group) were sectioned to evaluate stain penetration depth using a microspectrophotometer. Colour change data were analysed using a linear mixed\u2010effects model and one\u2010way ANOVA with Tukey's post hoc test (\n \u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.05).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n The linear mixed\u2010effects model showed that tooth discoloration increased significantly with immersion time (\n \u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20091.27,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.001). A significant interaction between additive group and immersion time was observed for the cream group (\n \u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009\u22120.776,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.001), indicating a slower rate of discoloration than the control. After 7\u2009days, one\u2010way ANOVA revealed significant differences among additive groups (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.017), with the cream group showing the least discoloration (\u0394E\n 00<\/jats:sub>\n \u2009=\u20097.26\u2009\u00b1\u20092.34) and the Splenda group the greatest (\u0394E\n 00<\/jats:sub>\n \u2009=\u200914.48\u2009\u00b1\u20090.91). Brushing significantly reduced discoloration across cycles (\n \u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.338,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.001), but no significant differences were observed between toothpaste formulations (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.443) or in the toothpaste\u2013cycle interaction (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.306). Cross\u2010sectional analysis showed pigment penetration into enamel and dentine, with the cream group exhibiting the lowest subsurface discoloration.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n Coffee additives affect the degree of tooth discoloration, with cream showing a protective effect. Both whitening toothpastes were effective, but the hydrogen peroxide formulation generally performed slightly better, potentially due to its deeper stain removal capability.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/idh.70160","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T03:56:37Z","timestamp":1788926197000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Tooth Discoloration Potential of Coffee With Common Additives and the Effectiveness of Whitening Toothpastes in Stain Removal"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"given":"Soyeon","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Anatomy and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry Seoul National University Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6488-793X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wanki","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Anatomy and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry Seoul National University Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Van Mai","family":"Truong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Odonto\u2010Stomatology University of Health Sciences, Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9346-3861","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Napas","family":"Lappanakokiat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Anatomy and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry Seoul National University Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4623-1475","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chang\u2010Ha","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Conservative Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry Seoul National University Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0148-7848","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Young\u2010Seok","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Anatomy and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry Seoul National University Seoul Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Integrated Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry Seoul National University Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cdnut.2024.102105"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.54691\/bcpbm.v47i.5181","article-title":"Research on the Development Trend of Sugar Free Drinks","volume":"47","author":"Zhao Z.","year":"2023","journal-title":"BCP Business & Management"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15586\/ijfs.v36i4.2715"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00016357.2023.2245880"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","first-page":"171","article-title":"Influence of Coffee Characteristics on Tooth Discoloration","volume":"37","author":"Kim S.","year":"2024","journal-title":"American Journal of Dentistry"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2003.10.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00016357.2013.771404"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bdj.4800959a"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","first-page":"55","article-title":"Dentin Abrasion Using Whitening Toothpaste With Various Hydrogen Peroxide Concentrations","volume":"36","author":"Kim J. 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