{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T10:24:34Z","timestamp":1762251874797},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,12]],"date-time":"2012-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1350000000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int Endodontic J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,5]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>To assess the effects of six electronic apex locators (EAL<\/jats:styled-content>s) on pacemaker function in vitro<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Methodology<\/jats:title>Six EAL<\/jats:styled-content>s (Mini Apex Locator\u00ae<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sup>, Dentaport ZX<\/jats:styled-content>\u00ae<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sup>, Novapex\u00ae<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sup>, Raypex5\u00ae<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sup>, Root ZX<\/jats:styled-content> mini\u00ae<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sup>, and Justy II<\/jats:styled-content>\u00ae<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sup>) were tested for electromagnetic interference (EMI<\/jats:styled-content>) with one pacemaker (Saint Jude Medical). The pacemaker, with a single electrode, was immersed in a saline solution bath adjusted to 400\u2013800\u00a0ohms to simulate the electrical resistance of the human body and to register the activity by the system. The pacemaker was tested with each of the EAL<\/jats:styled-content>s to analyse the presence of EMI<\/jats:styled-content> with the EAL<\/jats:styled-content> switched on, the EAL<\/jats:styled-content> switched off and during EAL<\/jats:styled-content> operation. Each series of tests began with a 15\u2010second baseline recording (R0) and continued until all the recording conditions had been covered. The conditions were as follows: R1: recording with the lead of the EAL<\/jats:styled-content> <2\u00a0cm from the tip of the electrode; R2: recording with the lead of the EAL<\/jats:styled-content> <2\u00a0cm from the generator; R3: recording with the lead of the EAL<\/jats:styled-content> <2\u00a0cm from the sensing arc; and R4: recording with the lead of the EAL<\/jats:styled-content> 15\u00a0cm from the sensing arc. If any of the EAL<\/jats:styled-content>s produced interference, its characteristics were categorized.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>When the lead of the EAL<\/jats:styled-content> was <2\u00a0cm from the tip of the electrode, the majority of the EAL<\/jats:styled-content>s tested produced only background noise. Only one (the Mini Apex Locator) resulted in EMI<\/jats:styled-content> that was detected as false heart activity. When the EAL<\/jats:styled-content> was <2\u00a0cm from the generator, just one EAL<\/jats:styled-content> detected background noise (the Mini Apex Locator). When the EAL<\/jats:styled-content> was <2\u00a0cm from the sensing arc or 15\u00a0cm from the sensing arc, the recordings were not affected by any of the EAL<\/jats:styled-content>s. There were no significant differences amongst the EAL<\/jats:styled-content>s analysed with respect to the production of EMI<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusions<\/jats:title>EMI<\/jats:styled-content> occurred when the EAL<\/jats:styled-content>s were placed close to the tip of the electrode and occasionally when close to the pacemaker; however, no EMI<\/jats:styled-content> was detected when the EAL<\/jats:styled-content>s were placed near to or 15\u00a0cm from the sensing arc in this laboratory experimental model.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/iej.12000","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,5]],"date-time":"2012-09-05T16:39:44Z","timestamp":1346863184000},"page":"399-405","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["The effects of six electronic apex locators on pacemaker function: an in vitro<\/i> study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"G.","family":"Gomez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endodontics Universitat Internacional de Catalunya Barcelona Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"F.","family":"Duran\u2010Sindreu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endodontics Universitat Internacional de Catalunya Barcelona Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"F.","family":"Jara Clemente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pacemaker Unit Intensive Care Department Hospital M\u00fatua Terrassa Barcelona Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R. R.","family":"Garofalo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre Endodontique de Montreal Pointe\u2010Claire QC Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endodontics Universitat Internacional de Catalunya Barcelona Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Bueno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endodontics Universitat Internacional de Catalunya Barcelona Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Roig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endodontics Universitat Internacional de Catalunya Barcelona Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0099-2399(96)80097-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/bdj.2007.1043"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tripleo.2007.03.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","first-page":"248","article-title":"Experimental and numeric investigation about electromagnetic interference between implantable cardiac pacemaker and magnetic fields at power line frequency","volume":"43","author":"Della G","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann Ist Super Sanit\u00e0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004770-200101000-00018"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004770-200202000-00017"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004770-200212000-00009"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-7125(05)70320-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0030-4220(72)90473-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","first-page":"2","volume-title":"Dentaport Zx instructions for use","author":"J. 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