{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T13:28:50Z","timestamp":1791206930782,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,13]],"date-time":"2012-12-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1355356800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int Endodontic J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>To establish a refined model of artificially infected root canals and confirm its suitability as a sensitive <jats:italic>ex vivo<\/jats:italic> method to assess the efficacy of disinfecting agents. Disinfection was evaluated using sodium hypochlorite (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">N<\/jats:styled-content>a<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OC<\/jats:styled-content>l), either blocked or unblocked by sodium thiosulphate, and a recently promoted method of disinfection, the antibacterial photodynamic therapy (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PDT<\/jats:styled-content>).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methodology<\/jats:title><jats:p>The roots of bovine incisors were sectioned into three parts, the canals of coronal and middle regions were filled with a suspension of <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">E<\/jats:styled-content>nterococcus faecalis<\/jats:italic> and the apical region with culture medium. After 7\u00a0days, coronal sections were disinfected using <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">N<\/jats:styled-content>a<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OC<\/jats:styled-content>l (0.5%, 1.0% and 3.0% for 30, 60 and 600\u00a0s) or a system for photoactivated chemotherapy (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PACT<\/jats:styled-content>;<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"> C<\/jats:styled-content>umdente, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">T<\/jats:styled-content>\u00fcbingen, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">G<\/jats:styled-content>ermany) for antibacterial <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PDT<\/jats:styled-content>. Apical sections served as sterile controls and middle sections as bacterial growth controls. In half of the Na<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OC<\/jats:styled-content>l\u2010treated specimens, disinfection was arrested. Dentine chips from biopsies at different depths from the central canal towards the periphery were plated and assessed for colony\u2010forming units (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CFU<\/jats:styled-content>). Disinfection was considered biologically relevant if the reduction of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CFU<\/jats:styled-content> was at least three log<jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub> orders of magnitude.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Colony\u2010forming units of 10<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\u201310<jats:sup>4<\/jats:sup> in growth controls indicated effective artificial infection. A biologically relevant reduction of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CFU<\/jats:styled-content> was accomplished with unblocked <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">N<\/jats:styled-content>a<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OC<\/jats:styled-content>l, but not after blocking with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">N<\/jats:styled-content>a<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OC<\/jats:styled-content>l nor with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PDT<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The system reliably detected disinfection of the root canal and dentinal tubules and proved suitable for <jats:italic>ex vivo<\/jats:italic> testing of root canal disinfection. The effect of Na<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OC<\/jats:styled-content>l depended on the duration of impact. Under the present experimental conditions, the antibacterial <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PDT<\/jats:styled-content> system did not achieve sufficient disinfection.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/iej.12010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,13]],"date-time":"2012-09-13T09:47:33Z","timestamp":1347529653000},"page":"449-457","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Establishment of an optimized <i>ex vivo<\/i> system for artificial root canal infection evaluated by use of sodium hypochlorite and the photodynamic therapy"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"S.","family":"Hecker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Restorative Dentistry and Periodontology University of Regensburg Regensburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K.\u2010A.","family":"Hiller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Restorative Dentistry and Periodontology University of Regensburg Regensburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K. 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