{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T21:45:01Z","timestamp":1786484701812,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,7]],"date-time":"2012-12-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1354838400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int Endodontic J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Practitioners face several challenges during the root canal treatment of teeth with wide or immature apices, one of which is working length determination. There is relatively little data regarding the value of radiography and electronic apex locator (EAL) use when root formation is incomplete, and supplementary measurement techniques may be helpful. This review considers length determination for canals with wide or completely open apices in permanent and primary teeth. The Ovid Medline, Web of Science and Scopus databases were searched individually and in combinations to August 2012 using the subject headings \u2018working length determination\u2019 and \u2018open apex\u2019 and revealed only one article. Further headings, \u2018tooth apex\u2019, \u2018apical constriction\u2019, \u2018resorption\u2019, \u2018foramen size\u2019, \u2018mature root apex\u2019, \u2018immature root apex\u2019, \u2018working length determination\u2019, \u2018apexification\u2019, \u2018open apices\u2019, \u2018open apex\u2019, \u2018open apical foramina\u2019, \u2018canal length determination\u2019, \u2018immature teeth\u2019, \u2018apical diameters\u2019, \u2018electronic apex locators\u2019, \u2018primary teeth\u2019, \u2018treatment outcome\u2019 and \u2018clinical outcome\u2019 were entered. Potentially useful articles were chosen for a manual search of bibliography as well as a forward search of citations. Other investigations revealed case reports and some research related to open apices and laboratory studies evaluating EALs, radiography and tactile methods. Some involved permanent teeth of various apical diameters and primary teeth with and without resorption. There is a need to define the term \u2018open apex\u2019. Clinicians should be aware of the benefits and limitations of all canal measuring techniques involved in managing this problem.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/iej.12032","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,22]],"date-time":"2012-10-22T15:51:10Z","timestamp":1350921070000},"page":"483-491","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Determination of working length for teeth with wide or immature apices: a review"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Y.\u2010J. A.","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Rehabilitation School of Dentistry University of Otago Dunedin New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N. 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