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Morphology and elemental composition of surface precipitates and interfacial dentine were analysed using a wavelength\u2010dispersive X\u2010ray spectroscopy electron probe microanalyser with image observation function. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:roman>Ca<\/jats:roman><\/jats:styled-content>\u2010 and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:roman>Si<\/jats:roman><\/jats:styled-content>\u2010incorporation depths in the interfacial dentine were measured. In addition, the amount of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:roman>Ca<\/jats:roman><\/jats:styled-content> ions released from the test materials was measured by <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EDTA<\/jats:styled-content> titration.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>All materials produced surface precipitates of acicular or lath\u2010like morphology with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:roman>Ca<\/jats:roman><\/jats:styled-content>\/<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:roman>P<\/jats:roman><\/jats:styled-content> ratio of 1.6 : 2.0. Within dentinal tubules, the three materials formed tag\u2010like structures that were frequently composed of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:roman>Ca<\/jats:roman><\/jats:styled-content>\u2010 and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:roman>P<\/jats:roman><\/jats:styled-content>\u2010rich and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:roman>Si<\/jats:roman><\/jats:styled-content>\u2010poor materials, suggesting intratubular precipitation. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:roman>Ca<\/jats:roman><\/jats:styled-content>\u2010 and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:roman>Si<\/jats:roman><\/jats:styled-content>\u2010incorporation depths were in the order of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">B<\/jats:styled-content>iodentine\u00a0&gt;\u00a0<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">WMTA<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a0&gt;\u00a0<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BC<\/jats:styled-content> sealer, with a significant difference between <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BC<\/jats:styled-content> sealer and the others at several time\u2010points (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05, <jats:sc>anova<\/jats:sc> and Tukey's honestly significant difference test). The concentration of released <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:roman>Ca<\/jats:roman><\/jats:styled-content> ions was in the order of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">B<\/jats:styled-content>iodentine\u00a0&gt;\u00a0<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">WMTA<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a0&gt;\u00a0<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BC<\/jats:styled-content> sealer with significant differences between the materials (<jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>&lt;\u00a00.05).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Compared with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">B<\/jats:styled-content>iodentine and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">WMTA<\/jats:styled-content>,<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"> BC<\/jats:styled-content> sealer showed less <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:roman>Ca<\/jats:roman><\/jats:styled-content> ion release and did not show <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:roman>Ca<\/jats:roman><\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:roman>Si<\/jats:roman><\/jats:styled-content> incorporation as deeply in human root canal dentine when immersed in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PBS<\/jats:styled-content> for up to 90\u00a0days.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/iej.12062","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,12]],"date-time":"2013-02-12T12:42:06Z","timestamp":1360672926000},"page":"808-814","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":211,"title":["Bioactivity evaluation of three calcium silicate\u2010based endodontic materials"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"L.","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cariology, Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Department of Oral Health Science Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental 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