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Negotiation and thorough instrumentation of bizarre and tortuous canals encased in roots programmed for physiological resorption are the main challenges for this treatment approach. Consequently, numerous <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> studies have been conducted to validate the application of some contemporary endodontic armamentarium for effective treatment in primary molars whilst maintaining favourable clinical outcomes. Electronic apex locators, rotary nickel\u2013titanium files and irrigation techniques are at the forefront of endodontic armamentarium in paediatric dentistry. Hence, this review aims to map out the root and root canal morphology of primary molars, to discuss the application of electronic apex locators in primary molars and to provide an update on the preparation of their root canal systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/iej.12134","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,27]],"date-time":"2013-04-27T13:18:37Z","timestamp":1367068717000},"page":"1011-1022","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":97,"title":["Anatomical challenges, electronic working length determination and current developments in root canal preparation of primary molar teeth"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"H. M. 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