{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T21:52:56Z","timestamp":1792014776303,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,19]],"date-time":"2013-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1376870400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int Endodontic J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>To report on an intraradicular visual test in a simulated clinical setting under different optical conditions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methodology<\/jats:title><jats:p>Miniaturized visual tests with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">E<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010optotypes (bar distance from 0.01 to 0.05\u00a0mm) were fixed inside the root canal system of an extracted maxillary molar at different locations: at the orifice, a depth of 5\u00a0mm and the apex. The tooth was mounted in a phantom head for a simulated clinical setting. Unaided vision was compared with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">G<\/jats:styled-content>alilean loupes (2.5\u00d7 magnification) with integrated light source and an operating microscope (6\u00d7 magnification). The influence of the dentists' age within two groups was evaluated: &lt;40\u00a0years (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a09) and \u226540\u00a0years (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a015).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Some younger dentists were able to identify the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">E<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010optotypes at the orifice, but otherwise, natural vision did not reveal any measurable result. With <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">G<\/jats:styled-content>alilean loupes, the younger dentists &lt;40\u00a0years could see a 0.05\u00a0mm structure at the root canal orifice, in contrast to the older group \u226540\u00a0years. Only the microscope allowed the observation of structures inside the root canal, independent of age.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Unaided vision and Galilean loupes with an integrated light source could not provide any measurable vision inside the root canal, but younger dentists &lt;40\u00a0years could detect with Galilean loupes a canal orifice corresponding to the tip of the smallest endodontic instruments. Dentists over 40\u00a0years of age were dependent on the microscope to inspect the root canal system.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/iej.12165","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,12]],"date-time":"2013-07-12T14:42:45Z","timestamp":1373640165000},"page":"425-429","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["The impact of loupes and microscopes on vision in endodontics"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"P.","family":"Perrin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive, Restorative and Pediatric Dentistry School of Dental Medicine University of Bern Bern Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K. W.","family":"Neuhaus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive, Restorative and Pediatric Dentistry School of Dental Medicine University of Bern Bern Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Lussi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive, Restorative and Pediatric Dentistry School of Dental Medicine University of Bern Bern Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0099-2399(99)80324-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/moe.2002.118285"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","volume-title":"Nonparametric Analysis of Longitudinal Data in Factorial Experiments","author":"Brunner E","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","first-page":"303","article-title":"Presbyopia and the dentist: the effect of age on clinical vision","volume":"40","author":"Burton JF","year":"1990","journal-title":"International Dental Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","first-page":"55","article-title":"Microscopes in endodontics","volume":"20","author":"Carr GB","year":"1992","journal-title":"Journal of the California Dental Association"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004770-200009000-00012"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","unstructured":"Centre for Evidence Based Medicine(2013)Levels of Evidence. 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