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Clinical examinations and radiographic imaging were evaluated. Value of confidence intervals of the proportions was calculated for data presentation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The number of males (54%) was similar to females (46%). The patients were predominantly between 50 and 70\u00a0years of age (75%). Most HRF cases were found in nonendodontically treated teeth (79%), without crown and bridge restorations (82%), and maxillary molars (54%). Many roots of maxillary molars had developed HRF, and the probability was nearly equal. Fractured teeth usually presented with periodontal and apical bone loss, and most patients (92%) were diagnosed with full mouth chronic periodontitis. Tooth wear was another common clinical feature amongst these patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>HRF in posterior teeth without dental trauma occurred mainly in patients aged between 50 and 70, in nonendodontically treated teeth, teeth with attrition but without crown and bridge restorations, maxillary molars and with periodontal and periapical bony destruction. Periodontal condition, occlusal wear and patients' age at diagnosis were the possible related factors. HRF in posterior teeth without dental trauma is a diagnostic challenge and even misdiagnosed. A thorough clinical examination, radiographic analysis and recognition of the clinical characteristics are helpful in the early diagnosis and treatment of HRF.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/iej.12704","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,28]],"date-time":"2016-09-28T08:13:35Z","timestamp":1475050415000},"page":"830-835","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Horizontal root fractures in posterior teeth without dental trauma: tooth\/root distribution and clinical characteristics"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"Y.\u2010L.","family":"Tsai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Clinical Dentistry National Taiwan University Medical College Taipei Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Dentistry National Taiwan University Hospital Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W.\u2010C.","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Clinical Dentistry National Taiwan University Medical College Taipei Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Dentistry National Taiwan University Hospital Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.\u2010Y.","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Clinical Dentistry National Taiwan University Medical College Taipei Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Dentistry National Taiwan University Hospital Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.\u2010C.","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Science Team Chang Gung University of Science and Technology Taoyuan Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Dentistry Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.\u2010H.","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biostatistics Laboratory College of Public Health National Taiwan University Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.\u2010F.","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dentistry Shin Kong Wu Ho\u2010Su Memorial Hospital Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.\u2010W.","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dentistry Taipei Medical University Hospital Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Y.\u2010D.","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Clinical Dentistry National Taiwan University Medical College Taipei Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Dentistry National Taiwan University Hospital Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.\u2010P.","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dentistry Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.\u2010H.","family":"Jeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Clinical Dentistry National Taiwan University Medical College Taipei Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Dentistry National Taiwan University Hospital Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-9657.1989.tb00331.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","first-page":"337","volume-title":"Textbook and Color Atlas of Traumatic Injuries to the Teeth","author":"Andreasen JO","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bdj.4805786"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0099-2399(99)80014-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0099-2399(98)80154-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1079-2104(99)70252-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-9657.2008.00701.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-9657.2006.00349.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/S0011-8532(22)02510-1","article-title":"Horizontal root fractures. 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