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At 7, 14 and 28\u00a0days post\u2010implantation, the implants were removed together with the surrounding connective tissue, and fixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde in cacodylate buffer. The chemical compositions of the surface precipitates formed on the implants were analysed with scanning electron microscopy\u2013electron probe microanalysis (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SEM<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EPMA<\/jats:styled-content>). The distributions of calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) at the material\u2013tissue interface were also analysed with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SEM<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EPMA<\/jats:styled-content>. Comparisons of the thicknesses of the Ca\u2010 and P\u2010rich areas were performed using the Friedman test followed by Scheffe's test at a significant level of 5%.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>All three materials produced apatite\u2010like surface precipitates containing Ca and P. For each material, elemental mapping detected a region of connective tissue in which the concentrations of Ca and P were higher than those in the surrounding connective tissue. The thickness of this Ca\u2010 and P\u2010rich region exhibited the following pattern: ProRoot <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MTA<\/jats:styled-content> &gt; prototype tricalcium silicate cement\u00a0\u2265\u00a0TheraCal <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LC<\/jats:styled-content>. ProRoot <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MTA<\/jats:styled-content> had a significantly thicker layer of Ca and P than the other materials at all time\u2010points (<jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>&lt;\u00a00.05), and a significant difference was detected between the prototype cement and TheraCal <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LC<\/jats:styled-content> at 28\u00a0days (<jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>&lt;\u00a00.05).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>After being subcutaneously implanted, all of the materials produced Ca\u2010 and P\u2010containing surface precipitates and a Ca\u2010 and P\u2010rich layer within the surrounding tissue. The thickness of the Ca\u2010 and P\u2010rich layer of ProRoot <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MTA<\/jats:styled-content> was significantly thicker than that of the other materials.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/iej.12802","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,26]],"date-time":"2017-06-26T06:34:36Z","timestamp":1498458876000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Bioactivity and biomineralization ability of calcium silicate\u2010based pulp\u2010capping materials after subcutaneous implantation"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"G.","family":"Hinata","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cariology, Operative Dentistry and Endodontics Department of Oral Health Science Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences Niigata Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6909-9174","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"K.","family":"Yoshiba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cariology, Operative Dentistry and Endodontics Department of Oral Health Science Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences Niigata Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cariology, Operative Dentistry and Endodontics Department of Oral Health Science Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences Niigata Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N.","family":"Edanami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cariology, Operative Dentistry and Endodontics Department of Oral Health Science Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences Niigata Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N.","family":"Yoshiba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cariology, Operative Dentistry and Endodontics Department of Oral Health Science Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences Niigata Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"Okiji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulp Biology and Endodontics Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU) Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2010.12.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2010.04.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.2008.0160"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2015.09.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2591.2007.01370.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2011.04.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2014.03.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2011.04.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17796\/jcpd.38.4.m585322121536q71"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","first-page":"160","article-title":"Biomimetic calcium\u2010silicate cements aged in simulated body solutions. 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