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Immuno\u2010expressions of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101 \u03b2, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20106, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TNF<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010\u03b1 and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>163 were analysed in the cystic capsules in both superficial and deeper regions. Data were analysed with paired Wilcoxon test and Spearman correlation coefficient (<jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\u2264<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.05).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>There was a higher expression of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101\u03b2, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20106, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TNF<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010\u03b1 and M2 macrophages in the superficial region (<jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>&lt;<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.001) of cystic capsules. All acute cytokines had significant positive correlations amongst them regardless of the cystic capsule region. Regarding <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>163, positive correlations occurred only with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TNF<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010\u03b1 (<jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.007; <jats:italic>r\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=\u00a00.537) and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20106 (<jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.018; <jats:italic>r\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=\u00a00.478) in the superficial regions of the cystic capsule.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>M2 macrophages participated actively in the inflammatory response of periapical cysts and correlated with the expression of certain acute Th1\u2010related cytokines. This illustrates the coexistence of an acute and chronic Th2\u2010driven immune response in these lesions. Although M2 macrophages favour the healing process, their presence is not sufficient for periapical cyst regression, once an acute active response has occurred due to an infectious stimuli.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/iej.12849","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,31]],"date-time":"2017-08-31T11:43:34Z","timestamp":1504179814000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["M2 macrophages coexist with a Th1\u2010driven profile in periapical cysts"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"C. M.","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinic and Surgery School of Dentistry Federal University of Alfenas Alfenas MG Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1133-6242","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. 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