{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T11:38:56Z","timestamp":1788781136371,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,16]],"date-time":"2017-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1508112000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int Endodontic J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>To evaluate the intratubular antimicrobial activity of several oxidant and chelating agents associated with or without surfactants in experimentally infected root canals, using confocal laser scanning microscopy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methodology<\/jats:title><jats:p>Twenty\u2010four dentine blocks from bovine incisors were contaminated for 5\u00a0days with <jats:italic>Enterococcus faecalis<\/jats:italic> (ATCC\u2010 29212). Ten contaminated dentine specimens were irrigated for 5\u00a0min with 5.25% NaOCl followed by 17% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EDTA<\/jats:styled-content> for 2\u00a0min, and the other 10 with Hypoclean for 5\u00a0min followed by Tetraclean <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NA<\/jats:styled-content> for 2\u00a0min. The remaining four specimens were used as positive and negative controls (two samples each). Then, dentine blocks were stained with Live\/Dead BacLight for analysis of the remaining live or dead bacteria using confocal laser scanning microscopy. Comparison between and within groups was performed using the Mann\u2013Whitney test for independent samples and the Wilcoxon signed\u2010rank test, respectively.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>After exposure to irrigants, the positive control group had a median of 67.41% of viable bacteria (95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>: 48.15, 78.9), whilst the NaOCl+EDTA group and Hypoclean+Tetraclean <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NA<\/jats:styled-content> group had 3.77% (1.28, 15.92) and 0.87% (\u22120.42, 4.30) of viable bacteria, respectively. These results were significantly different from each other, both overall and distinct by region (cervical and medium third), or depth (superficial and deep layer) (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.01 in all cases).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The use of adjunctive agents reducing the surface tension associated with oxidant and chelating agents improved the antimicrobial activity of irrigating solutions and intratubular decontamination against <jats:italic>Enterococcus faecalis<\/jats:italic>, possibly due to better removal of the smear layer and deeper penetration into dentinal tubules.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/iej.12863","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,27]],"date-time":"2017-09-27T08:44:57Z","timestamp":1506501897000},"page":"448-456","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Antimicrobial effectiveness of combinations of oxidant and chelating agents in infected dentine: an <i>ex\u00a0vivo<\/i> confocal laser scanning microscopy study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"51","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2970-6683","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"L.","family":"Giardino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dentistry University of Catanzaro Magna Graecia Catanzaro Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7144-0984","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M.","family":"Del Fabbro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Surgical and Dental Sciences Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano Milan Italy"},{"name":"IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopedic Institute Milan Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F.","family":"Cesario","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Operative Dentistry, Endodontics and Dental Materials Bauru School of Dentistry University of S\u00e3o Paulo Bauru SP Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F. 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