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Nonexposed cultures served as the control. Calcium and phosphorus contents in culture media were quantified. The effects of the cements\u00a0on cell apoptosis, cell viability and acquisition of the osteogenic cell phenotype were evaluated. Data were\u00a0compared by Kruskal\u2013Wallis test (\u03b1\u00a0=\u00a05%).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CAC<\/jats:styled-content>b+ promoted the highest levels of calcium in the culture media; <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CAC<\/jats:styled-content>z+, the lowest levels of phosphorus (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05). <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CAC<\/jats:styled-content>z+ and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CAC<\/jats:styled-content>b increased cell apoptosis (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05). <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CAC<\/jats:styled-content>b reduced cell viability (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05) and the expression of the osteoblastic phenotype. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CAC<\/jats:styled-content>z+ and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CAC<\/jats:styled-content>b+ promoted greater cell differentiation and matrix mineralization compared to <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CAC<\/jats:styled-content>z and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CAC<\/jats:styled-content>b (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>For CAC with the lower CaCl<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> content, the use of Bi<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> was detrimental for osteoblastic cell survival and differentiation compared to ZnO, while CAC with the higher CaCl<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> content supported the acquisition of the osteogenic cell phenotype <jats:italic>in\u00a0vitro<\/jats:italic> regardless of the radiopacifier used. Thus, CAC with 10% CaCl<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> would potentially promote bone repair in the context of endodontic therapies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/iej.12883","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,11]],"date-time":"2017-12-11T07:08:39Z","timestamp":1512976119000},"page":"674-683","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Calcium chloride\u2010enriched calcium aluminate cement promotes <i>in\u00a0vitro<\/i> osteogenesis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"51","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9048-9935","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"L. M. 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