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Each repair agent was inserted into sectioned Eppendorf microtubes and placed on the bone wound, and soft tissues were sutured. At 14 and 21\u00a0days, animals were sacrificed and the treated region was dissected. The calvaria bone was removed, and RNA was extracted. mRNA expression of the aforementioned cytokines was assessed using real\u2010time PCR. Data were analysed by nonparametric methods, including the Mann\u2013Whitney and Kruskal\u2013Wallis tests (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Following treatment with Emdogain<jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup> and MTA, mRNA expression of RANKL, RANK and OPG increased significantly (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05) between days 14 to 21. Geristore<jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup> did not alter the basal expression of these mediators during the same period of evaluation. Whilst treatment with Emdogain<jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup> did cause a significant increase in TNF\u2010\u03b1 mRNA expression between days 14 and 21 (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05), treatment with MTA did not alter the basal expression of this cytokine at either experimental time point. However, TNF\u2010\u03b1 mRNA expression was down\u2010regulated significantly at day 21 (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05) when Geristore<jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup> was applied. A significant increase in the mRNA expression of IL\u20106, TGF\u2010\u03b2, IL\u201010, IL\u20104 and IFN\u2010\u03b3 was observed with Emdogain<jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup> and MTA treatment between days 14 to 21, whereas Geristore<jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup> reduced significantly the expression of IL\u20106, TGF\u2010\u03b2 and IL\u20104 (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The clinical indication of these repair agents depends on the root resorption diagnosis. Whilst MTA and Emdogain<jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup> induce a pro\u2010 and anti\u2010inflammatory response early and late, respectively, Geristore<jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup> was not associated with an inflammatory reaction when compared with both repair agents.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/iej.12944","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,6]],"date-time":"2018-05-06T09:48:53Z","timestamp":1525600133000},"page":"1253-1260","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Cytokine expression in response to root repair agents"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"R. 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