{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T20:13:15Z","timestamp":1780603995556,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,11]],"date-time":"2020-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1581379200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int Endodontic J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>To gain information in a laboratory setting about the effect of thermal treatment of epoxy resin\u2010based and zinc oxide\u2013eugenol\u2010based sealers.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methodology<\/jats:title><jats:p>AH Plus and Pulp Canal Sealer (PCS) were exposed to thermal treatment at 37, 47, 57, 67, 77, 87 and 97\u00a0\u00b0C for 30\u00a0s. According to clinically relevant considerations, intracanal sealer temperature is likely not to exceed 60\u00a0\u00b0C during warm vertical root canal filling. Heat application is recommended for less than 30\u00a0s during continuous wave technique, but might exceed this threshold in complex cases. Furthermore, heat treatment at 97\u00a0\u00b0C was performed for 60 and 180\u00a0s to simulate inappropriate implementation of warm vertical filling techniques. Specimens were heated inside 2\u2010mL plastic tubes in a thermo\u2010controlled water bath until the temperatures were reached and kept at this temperature for the determined period of time. Afterwards, specimens were cooled to body temperature and physical properties (setting time, flow, film thickness according to ISO 6876) were assessed. Chemical properties (Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy) were assessed after complete setting of the specimens in an incubator at 37\u00a0\u00b0C and 100% humidity. Statistical analysis of physical properties was performed using Kruskal\u2013Wallis test (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.05).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The setting time of AH Plus and PCS decreased when temperature and duration of heat application increased. Whilst the setting time of AH Plus decreased from 622\u00a0min at 20\u00a0\u00b0C (for 30\u00a0s) to 381\u00a0min at 97\u00a0\u00b0C (for 180\u00a0s; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05), heat treatment of PCS at 97\u00a0\u00b0C for 180\u00a0s led to an immediate setting of the material. From 20\u00a0\u00b0C (for 30\u00a0s) to 97\u00a0\u00b0C (for 30\u00a0s), the setting time of PCS decreased from 80.1 to 41.0\u00a0h (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05). Film thickness and flow were not relevantly influenced by thermal treatment except for PCS at 97\u00a0\u00b0C for 180\u00a0s. FT\u2010IR spectroscopy did not reveal any chemical changes of either sealer after thermal treatment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Thermal treatment simulating clinically relevant temperature levels and heating times did not lead to any substantial physical or chemical changes at all temperature levels when heating did not exceed 60\u00a0s. AH Plus and Pulp Canal Sealer can be considered suitable for warm root filling techniques.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/iej.13267","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,19]],"date-time":"2020-01-19T07:27:10Z","timestamp":1579418830000},"page":"690-697","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Physico\u2010chemical investigation of endodontic sealers exposed to simulated intracanal heat application: epoxy resins and zinc oxide\u2013eugenols"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"53","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7162-9795","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"D.","family":"Donnermeyer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology and Operative Dentistry Westphalian Wilhelms\u2010University M\u00fcnster 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