{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T15:45:23Z","timestamp":1759333523601,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,18]],"date-time":"2020-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1608249600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int Endodontic J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>To assess in a laboratory setting using extracted teeth the formation of volatile compounds (VOCs) and disinfection by\u2010products (DBPs) in effluent aliquots, during chemomechanical preparation of artificially infected root canal specimens, and determine the role of silver\u2010impregnated activated carbon (Ag\u2010AC) in their removal.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methodology<\/jats:title><jats:p>Single\u2010rooted human teeth were decoronated to obtain 15\u00a0mm\u2010long root specimens and a nutrient\u2010stressed multispecies biofilm was grown in the root canals. Specimens were randomly assigned into three groups [Group 1; instrumentation with rotary files and irrigation with sterile saline, Groups 2 and 3; instrumentation with rotary files and irrigation with 2.5% NaOCl and 17% EDTA]. A portable medical suction device was used to collect the effluent aliquots during root canal irrigation. In Groups 1 and 2, the reaction products of the collected effluents were analysed by selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry (SIFT\u2010MS). The effluents from Group 3 were treated with Ag\u2010AC prior to SIFT\u2010MS analysis, to assess the removal capacity of Ag\u2010AC against the reaction products. The synthesis of Ag\u2010AC was characterized with scanning electron microscopy\/energy\u2010dispersive X\u2010ray spectroscopy (SEM\/EDS). Two\u2010way analysis of variance (<jats:sc>anova<\/jats:sc>) with <jats:italic>post hoc<\/jats:italic> Tukey tests was used for data analysis and determination of a significant difference (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In Group 1, effluent VOCs and DBPs were detectable at very low levels. In Group 2, the collected effluent aliquots released high concentrations of methanol, propanol, ammonia, chloroform and formaldehyde, which were significantly greater compared to Group 1 (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001). SEM\/EDS analysis confirmed impregnation of Ag within the AC matrix. The treatment of effluent aliquots with Ag\u2010AC (Group 3) resulted in a significant reduction in concentrations of acetone, acetic acid, propanol, acetaldehyde, acetonitrile and chloroform, compared to Group 2 (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001). The concentration levels of ethanol, methanol, ammonia and formaldehyde remained unaffected (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&gt;\u00a00.05).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this laboratory setting using extracted human teeth, the chemomechanical preparation of artificially infected root canals resulted in the formation of toxic VOCs and DBPs as effluent suspensions. Their release during aspiration with dental suction indicates that potential environmental hazards should be investigated. The use of silver\u2010impregnated activated carbon had potential for the point\u2010of\u2010use treatment of post\u2010irrigation effluent aliquots.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/iej.13454","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,25]],"date-time":"2020-11-25T15:42:40Z","timestamp":1606318960000},"page":"601-615","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["A laboratory study to assess the formation of effluent volatile compounds and disinfection by\u2010products during chemomechanical preparation of infected root canals and application of activated carbon for their removal"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"54","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0084-2123","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"K.","family":"Ioannidis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences Centre for Oral Clinical and Translational Science Guy\u2019s Hospital King\u2019s College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Batty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life, Health and Chemical Sciences The Open University  Milton Keynes UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Turner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Health and Life Sciences Brunel University  Uxbridge, London UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Transspectra Limited  Newcastle Under Lyme UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"F.","family":"Mannocci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endodontology Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences King's College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Deb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences Centre for Oral Clinical and Translational Science Guy\u2019s Hospital King\u2019s College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-6223(00)00230-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-1546.2004.00098.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","first-page":"00009","article-title":"Efficiency study of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) supported on granular activated carbon against Escherichia coli","volume":"1","author":"Acevedo S","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Nanomedicine Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/etp.12031"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0045-6535(01)00031-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","first-page":"257","article-title":"Formaldehyde stress responses in bacterial pathogens","volume":"7","author":"Chen NH","year":"2016","journal-title":"Frontiers in Microbiology"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00016351003745514"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","unstructured":"Department of Health Environment and Sustainability. 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