{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T15:01:21Z","timestamp":1787583681580,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,21]],"date-time":"2021-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634774400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int Endodontic J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>To explore the presence of the cGAS\u2013STING inflammatory pathway in human pulp tissue and human dental pulp cells (HDPCs).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methodology<\/jats:title><jats:p>Pulp tissue was collected from freshly extracted human healthy third molars or third molars with irreversible pulpitis. Quantitative real\u2010time polymerase chain reaction (qRT\u2010PCR) and enzyme\u2010linked immunoassay (ELISA) were performed to assess IFN\u2010\u03b2, TNF and IL\u20106. Human dental pulp cells prepared from healthy human pulp tissues were transfected with interferon stimulatory DNA (ISD), bacterial genomic DNA, bacterial cyclic dinucleotides c\u2010di\u2010AMP, c\u2010di\u2010GMP or host cyclic dinucleotide cGAMP. SiRNA was used to knock down the endogenous cGAS or STING. G140 and H\u2010151 were used to inhibit cGAS and STING respectively. Amlexanox and BAY 11\u20107082 were used to inhibit TBK1 and NF\u2010\u03baB respectively. qRT\u2010PCR and ELISA were performed to detect the level of IFN\u2010\u03b2, TNF and IL\u20106. Western blot was performed to evaluate the TBK1, IRF3 and p65 phosphorylation. The Student's <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\u2010test and one\u2010way <jats:sc>anova<\/jats:sc> were used for statistical analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>IFN\u2010\u03b2, TNF and IL\u20106 were up\u2010regulated in the inflamed human dental pulp tissue. <jats:italic>CGAS<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>STING<\/jats:italic> mRNA were increased in the inflamed human dental pulp tissue and detected in HDPCs prepared from healthy human pulp tissues. ISD transfection induced TBK1, IRF3 and p65 phosphorylation as well as IFN\u2010\u03b2, TNF and IL\u20106 production. IFN\u2010\u03b2, TNF and IL\u20106 production were also induced by transfection of bacterial and host cyclic dinucleotides or bacteria DNA. ISD or bacteria DNA transfection elevated the intracellular levels of cGAMP. Knock\u2010down of cGAS or STING, as well as using cGAS inhibitor G140 or STING inhibitor H\u2010151 abolished the IFN\u2010\u03b2, TNF and IL\u20106 production induced by ISD transfection. Knock\u2010down of STING or using STING inhibitor H\u2010151 abolished the IFN\u2010\u03b2, TNF and IL\u20106 induction by transfection of bacterial and host cyclic dinucleotides. Both Amlexanox and BAY 11\u20107082 inhibited IFN\u2010\u03b2, TNF and IL\u20106 production triggered by ISD and cyclic dinucleotides transfection.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Human dental pulp cells expressed an intact cGAS\u2013STING signalling axis. The cGAS\u2013STING signalling axis may play an important role in pulp inflammation and immune defence.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/iej.13636","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,27]],"date-time":"2021-09-27T20:35:10Z","timestamp":1632774910000},"page":"54-63","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["The induction of inflammation by the cGAS\u2013STING pathway in human dental pulp cells: A laboratory investigation"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"55","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4544-1291","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xinxin","family":"Tian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathogens School of Basic Medical Sciences Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou China"},{"name":"Stomatology Center The First Affiliated Hospital Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 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