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Lipopolysaccharide was used to experimentally induced pulpitis in rats, and the effects of SCAP\u2010Exos on the rats with pulpitis were detected using haematoxylin\u2010eosin staining and immunofluorescence staining. CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>CD25<jats:sup>\u2010<\/jats:sup> T cells were treated with different doses of SCAP\u2010Exos, and flow cytometric analysis was used to assess the effects of SCAP\u2010Exos on Treg proliferation and conversion. An enzyme\u2010linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to evaluate the expression of interleukin 10 (IL\u201010). MethylTarget<jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup> technology was used to measure the methylation level of the <jats:italic>Foxp3<\/jats:italic> locus in T cells. The expression levels of ten\u2010eleven\u2010translocation (Tet) 1, Tet2, and Tet3 in T cells were detected by real\u2010time PCR and western blotting.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>SCAP\u2010Exos had an elliptical vesicle\u2010like structure with a diameter of approximately 143.7 nm and expressed the exosomal markers Alix and CD9. SCAP\u2010Exo administration increased Treg accumulation in the inflamed dental pulp and alleviated inflammation in the dental pulp <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>. SCAP\u2010Exos promoted Treg conversion <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>. Mechanistically, SCAP\u2010Exos promoted Tet2\u2010mediated Foxp3 demethylation to maintain the stable expression of Foxp3.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>SCAP\u2010Exos promoted Treg conversion and effectively alleviated inflammation in the dental pulp of rats. This study shows that SCAP\u2010Exos can regulate the local immune microenvironment to favour tissue regeneration, thus providing a potential novel strategy utilising SCAP\u2010Exos as a cell\u2010free approach to treat early inflammation of dental pulp in immature permanent teeth in the clinic.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/iej.13721","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,11]],"date-time":"2022-03-11T08:33:40Z","timestamp":1646987620000},"page":"517-530","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Exosomes derived from stem cells from the apical papilla alleviate inflammation in rat pulpitis by upregulating regulatory T cells"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"55","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9326-9898","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Si","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatric Dentistry School and Hospital of 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