{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T18:42:38Z","timestamp":1789756958303,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,15]],"date-time":"2022-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655251200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int Endodontic J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>To evaluate the impact of a preclinical laboratory session using 3D printed teeth on dental student stress, anxiety, confidence and knowledge when treating deep caries and pulp exposure.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methodology<\/jats:title><jats:p>This was a two\u2010centre controlled study, with randomized distribution of students into two groups: a vital pulp treatment (VPT) lecture\u2010only (control) group and a VPT\u2010lecture combined with a VPT\u2010laboratory (experimental) group. In both universities, preclinical students with endodontic or operative dentistry laboratory sessions could participate. All students were invited to the lecture. Two weeks later (timepoint\u2010T1), both groups completed validated and bespoke questionnaires and scales to evaluate their stress (Stress\u2010VAS), anxiety (STAI Trait [T] and State [S]), self\u2010confidence and knowledge. Thereafter, only the experimental group attended the hands\u2010on laboratory session demonstrating the techniques of selective caries removal and partial pulpotomy on a commercial 3D\u2010printed tooth. Two weeks later (timepoint\u2010T2), the participants from both groups repopulated the same questionnaires and VAS. The control group had the laboratory session after the completion of the study. The statistical analysis was performed with Statistica\u00ae (significance <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0.05). The homogeneity between the two samples was checked by Khi<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> and Student tests. Stress\u2010VAS, STAI\u2010S, confidence and knowledge scores were compared within each group, and between the two groups, at T1 and T2, with a repeated measures <jats:sc>anova<\/jats:sc> test (+\/\u2212Tukey post\u2010hoc test).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The groups comprised 54 students each, with no statistical difference between the groups regarding demographic, academic data and STAI\u2010T score. The two groups had no significant difference of Stress\u2010VAS, STAI\u2010S, confidence and knowledge scores at T1 while they presented a significant difference in stress, anxiety and confidence scores at T2, but with no significant difference in knowledge score. However, knowledge score, as other parameters, improved significantly between T1 and T2 in the experimental group.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The addition of a laboratory session using 3D\u2010printed teeth that simulated deep caries and pulp exposure management, significantly reduced the stress and anxiety of students and increased their confidence. Within the limitations of this study, the benefit of introducing new technology in increasing student confidence and reducing stress offers opportunity for educational improvement in the VPT and cariology areas.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/iej.13780","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,19]],"date-time":"2022-05-19T08:33:16Z","timestamp":1652949196000},"page":"844-857","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Preclinical <scp>3D<\/scp>\u2010printed laboratory simulation of deep caries and the exposed pulp reduced student anxiety and stress, while increasing confidence and knowledge in vital pulp treatment"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"55","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9202-2677","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Val\u00e9rie","family":"Chevalier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Brest University Hospital University of Bretagne Occidentale  Brest France"},{"name":"University of Bretagne Occidentale, UMR CNRS 6027, IRDL  Brest France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marjolaine","family":"Dessert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brest University Hospital University of Bretagne Occidentale  Brest France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin John","family":"Fouillen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brest University Hospital University of Bretagne Occidentale  Brest France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sile","family":"Lennon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Restorative Dentistry and Periodontology, Trinity College Dublin Dublin Dental University Hospital  Dublin 2 Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8690-2379","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henry 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