{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T11:05:39Z","timestamp":1773313539256,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,17]],"date-time":"2022-11-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668643200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DE029563"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DE029563"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int Endodontic J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>To explore whether electrodermal activity (EDA) can serve as a complementary tool for pulpal diagnosis (Aim 1) and an objective metric to assess dental pain before and after local anaesthesia (Aim 2).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methodology<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 53 subjects (189 teeth) and 14 subjects (14 teeth) were recruited for Aim 1 and Aim 2, respectively. We recorded EDA using commercially available devices, PowerLab and Galvanic Skin Response (GSR) Amplifier, in conjunction with cold and electric pulp testing (EPT). Participants rated their level of sensation on a 0\u201310 visual analogue scale (VAS) after each test. We recorded EPT\u2010stimulated EDA activity before and after the administration of local anaesthesia for participants who required root canal treatment (RCT) due to painful pulpitis. The raw data were converted to the time\u2010varying index of sympathetic activity (TVSymp), a sensitive and specific parameter of EDA. Statistical analysis was performed using Python 3.6 and its Scikit\u2010<jats:italic>post hoc<\/jats:italic> library.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Electrodermal activity was upregulated by the stimuli of cold and EPT testing in the normal pulp. TVSymp signals were significantly increased in vital pulp compared to necrotic pulp by both cold test and EPT. Teeth that exhibited intensive sensitivity to cold with or without lingering pain had increased peak numbers of TVSymp than teeth with mild sensation to cold. Pre\u2010 and post\u2010anaesthesia EDA activity and VAS scores were recorded in patients with painful pulpitis. Post\u2010anaesthesia EDA signals were significantly lower compared to pre\u2010anaesthesia levels. Approximately 71% of patients (10 of 14 patients) experienced no pain during treatment and reported VAS score of 0 or 1. The majority of patients (10 of 14) showed a reduction of TVSymp after the administration of anaesthesia. Two of three patients who experienced increased pain during RCT (post\u2010treatment VAS\u2009&gt;\u2009pre\u2010treatment VAS) exhibited increased post\u2010anaesthesia TVSymp.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our data show promising results for using EDA in pulpal diagnosis and for assessing dental pain. Whilst our testing was limited to subjects who had adequate communication skills, our future goal is to be able to use this technology to aid in the endodontic diagnosis of patients who have limited communication ability.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/iej.13868","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,11]],"date-time":"2022-11-11T16:15:04Z","timestamp":1668183304000},"page":"356-368","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["The use of electrodermal activity in pulpal diagnosis and dental pain assessment"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Hanh T.","family":"Tran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Health and Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dental Medicine University of Connecticut Health  Farmington Connecticut 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