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Animals in groups S and SAP inhaled cigarette smoke by remaining inside a smoking chamber for 8\u2009min, three times daily, for 50\u2009days. After 20\u2009days of smoke inhalation, animals in AP and SAP groups had the pulps of the lower right first molar exposed to oral environment for 30\u2009days to induce AP. In these subsequent 30\u2009days, animals in group S and SAP continued with CSI. On Day 50, animals were euthanized and mandibles were histologically processed to assess inflammatory infiltrate, immunohistochemical interleukins (IL\u20101\u03b2, IL\u20106 and TNF\u2010\u03b1), and blood samples collected for laboratory analysis. The Mann\u2013Whitney test was performed for non\u2010parametric data and the pairwise analyses of Student's <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\u2010test for parametric data, with a significance level of <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.050.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Inflammatory infiltrate was moderate in AP group and more severe in the SAP (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0.010). The interleukins IL\u20106, IL\u20101\u03b2 and TNF\u2010\u03b1 were higher in SAP group (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.001) when compared to the AP group. A greater number of red blood cells (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0.010), haemoglobin (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0.007) and neutrophils (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0.014) were observed in the SAP group in comparison with the AP group.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cigarette smoke inhalation induced a more severe inflammatory infiltrate, with increased levels of pro\u2010inflammatory cytokines and changes in haematological parameters in rats with induced AP. Thus, CSI aggravated AP, exacerbating the inflammatory response.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/iej.13883","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,31]],"date-time":"2022-12-31T02:25:42Z","timestamp":1672453542000},"page":"465-474","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Inflammatory profile of apical periodontitis exacerbated by cigarette smoke inhalation: Histological and immunohistochemical analysis in rats"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"56","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1211-2363","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Maria Veiga","family":"Vasques","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Endodontic Section, Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP)  Ara\u00e7atuba Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ana Claudia Rodrigues","family":"da 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