{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T03:33:05Z","timestamp":1793244785524,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,29]],"date-time":"2023-03-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680048000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006108","name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UL1\u2010TR002494"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1\u2010TR002494"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int Endodontic J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate the root canal microbiome composition and bacterial functional capability in cases of primary and secondary apical periodontitis utilizing whole\u2010metagenome shotgun sequencing.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methodology<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Twenty\u2010two samples from patients with primary root canal infections, and 18 samples obtained from previously treated teeth currently diagnosed with apical periodontitis were analysed with whole\u2010metagenome shotgun sequencing at a depth of 20\u2009M reads. Taxonomic and functional gene annotations were made using MetaPhlAn3 and HUMAnN3 software. The Shannon and Chao1 indices were utilized to measure alpha diversity. Differences in community composition were evaluated utilizing analysis of similarity (ANOSIM) using Bray\u2010Curtis dissimilarities. The Wilcoxon rank sum test was used to compare differences in taxa and functional genes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Microbial community variations within a community were significantly lower in secondary relative to primary infections (alpha diversity\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .001). Community composition was significantly different in primary versus secondary infection (\n                      <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .11,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .005). The predominant taxa observed among samples (&gt;2.5%) were\n                      <jats:italic>Pseudopropionibacterium propionicum<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Prevotella oris<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Eubacterium infirmum<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Tannerella forsythia<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Atopobium rimae<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Peptostreptococcus stomatis<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Bacteroidetes<\/jats:italic>\n                      bacterium oral taxon 272,\n                      <jats:italic>Parvimonas micra<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Olsenella profusa<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Streptococcus anginosus<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Lactobacillus rhamnosus<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Porphyromonas endodontalis<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Pseudoramibacter alactolyticus<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Fusobacterium nucleatum<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Eubacterium brachy<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Solobacterium moorei<\/jats:italic>\n                      . The Wilcoxon rank test revealed no significant differences in relative abundances of functional genes in both groups. Genes with greater relative abundances (top 25) were associated with genetic, signalling and cellular processes including the iron and peptide\/nickel transport system. Numerous genes encoding toxins were identified: exfoliative toxin, haemolysins, thiol\u2010activated cytolysin, phospholipase C, cAMP factor, sialidase, and hyaluronic glucosaminidase.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Despite taxonomic differences between primary and secondary apical periodontitis, the functional capability of the microbiomes was similar.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/iej.13911","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,2]],"date-time":"2023-03-02T07:24:12Z","timestamp":1677741852000},"page":"872-884","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["The root canal microbiome diversity and function. 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