{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T00:31:13Z","timestamp":1787790673064,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,19]],"date-time":"2023-04-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681862400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int Endodontic J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>To compare two flat\u2010side single\u2010file rotary instruments with three single\u2010file reciprocating systems through a multimethod assessment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methodology<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 290 new NiTi single\u2010file rotary (AF F One Blue 25\/0.06 and Platinum V.EU 25\/0.06) and reciprocating (One Files Blue R25, Reciproc Blue R25, Reciproc R25) instruments were selected, carefully examined for any major deformations, and evaluated regarding their macroscopic and microscopic design, nickel and titanium elements ratio, phase transformation temperatures, and mechanical performance (time\/rotation to fracture, maximum torque, angle of rotation, microhardness, maximum bending, and buckling strengths). One\u2010way <jats:sc>anova<\/jats:sc> <jats:italic>post hoc<\/jats:italic> Tukey, <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\u2010test, and nonparametric Mood's median tests were used for statistical comparisons (\u03b1\u2009=\u20095%).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Tested instruments had identical blade counts and near\u2010identical helical angles of approximately 24\u00b0 (rotary instruments) and 151\u00b0 (reciprocating instruments). The flat\u2010side analysis revealed a few inconsistencies, such as discontinuity segments, different orientations, and gaps in the homogeneity of the bluish colour. Microscopically, flat\u2010side instruments exhibited blade discontinuity and an incomplete S\u2010shaped cross\u2010section. The surface finish was smoother for One Files Blue and more irregular for both rotary instruments. There were distinct phase transformation temperatures amongst all instruments. All heat\u2010treated instruments were in R\u2010phase arrangement, and Reciproc was in R\u2010phase plus austenite at test temperature (20\u00b0C). Compared with the reciprocating instruments, both flat\u2010side instruments exhibited lower results in the cyclic fatigue tests using two different clockwise kinematics, maximum torque, angle of rotation, and maximum buckling strength (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.05). The rotary systems also exhibited low flexibility (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.05). AF F One Blue had the lowest microhardness, whilst Reciproc had the highest value.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>This multimethod investigation revealed that the flat\u2010side rotary instruments underperformed the reciprocating instruments regarding cyclic fatigue (with two different clockwise kinematics), maximum torque, angle of rotation, maximum buckling strength, and flexibility. Manufacturing inconsistencies were also observed in some of the flat\u2010side instruments, including discontinuity segments, different orientations, and in the homogeneity of their bluish colour given by the heat treatment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/iej.13920","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,8]],"date-time":"2023-04-08T07:29:33Z","timestamp":1680938973000},"page":"896-908","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Comparative analysis of reciprocating and flat\u2010side heat\u2010treated rotary single\u2010file systems: Design, metallurgical characteristics, and mechanical performance"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"56","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6932-2038","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge N. 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