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Samples were collected from the full length of the root canals (microbial analysis) and periapical tissues (2\u2009mm beyond the apex for immunological analysis), using sterile absorbent paper points. The levels of culturable bacteria (culture method), endotoxins (LAL Pyrogent 5000), TNF\u2010\u03b1, IL\u20101\u03b2 and substance P (ELISA) were assessed. The Mann\u2013Whitney test was used for comparisons between the levels of CFU\/mL, LPS, TNF\u2010\u03b1, IL\u20101\u03b2 and substance P in the SIP and VNP groups. The statistical analysis was performed with the significance level set at 5%.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Culturable bacteria were recovered from all teeth with SIP. On the other hand, no positive cultures were observed in the VNP tissues group (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&gt;\u2009.05). The levels of LPS were approximately four times higher in teeth with SIP than in teeth with VNP tissues (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.05). Higher levels of TNF\u2010\u03b1 and substance P were detected in teeth with SIP (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.05). On the other hand, no difference in the levels of IL\u20101\u03b2 was detected between the two groups (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&gt;\u2009.05).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Teeth with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis present higher levels of culturable bacteria, endotoxins, TNF\u2010\u03b1 and substance P than those with vital normal pulp tissues. On the other hand, the levels of IL\u20101\u03b2 were similar in teeth from both groups suggesting reduced implications of this inflammatory mediator in the early stages of infection.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/iej.13922","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,18]],"date-time":"2023-04-18T10:28:38Z","timestamp":1681813718000},"page":"827-836","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Quantitative analysis of culturable bacteria, levels of endotoxins, inflammatory mediators and substance P in teeth with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis and in teeth with vital normal pulp tissues"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"56","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0968-0212","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R.","family":"Arruda\u2010Vasconcelos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Restorative Dentistry, Division of Endodontics, Piracicaba Dental School State University of Campinas \u2013 UNICAMP  Piracicaba Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6141-0319","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"V. 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