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However, the reparative dentine bridge created by calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>) is generally porous and incomplete. The aim of the current study is to assess the <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> bioactivities of nano eggshell\u2010based slurry (NES), using NES as a direct pulp\u2010capping material, compared with Ca(OH)<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> in rabbit animal model.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methodology<\/jats:title><jats:p>Nano eggshell powder (NE) was characterized for particle morphology, chemical composition and ion release. <jats:italic>In vitro<\/jats:italic> bioactivity was tested by immersion in simulated body fluid (SBF) for 7\u2009days. For histopathological evaluation, 36 adult New Zealand rabbits (72 pulp exposures) were divided into nine groups (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20098) according to the pulp\u2010capping material (NES, Ca(OH)<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> and no capping as negative control group) and the animals were sacrificed after 7, 14 or 28\u2009days. The pulps of the two lower central incisors were exposed and then directly capped by Ca(OH)<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> or NES or left untreated. The cavities were then sealed with glass ionomer cement. Teeth were collected for histopathological evaluation using an optical microscope. Pulp haemorrhage, inflammation, fibrosis and calcific bridge formation were assessed. Results were statistically analysed using <jats:sc>anova<\/jats:sc> and Tukey's tests.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Nano eggshell particles were spherical with a 20\u2009nm diameter and were composed mainly of calcite. Statistical analysis showed that there was a significant increase in the release of all investigated ions between days 1 and 28, except for copper. NES group showed a significantly higher release of all elements as compared to Ca(OH)<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>. Environmental scanning electron microscope micrographs of NES incubated for 7\u2009days in SBF showed the formation of HAp with a Ca\/P ratio (1.686). For histopathological evaluation, the difference between groups was statistically significant. At day 28, 75% of the pulps of the Ca(OH)<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> group showed mild calcific bridge in comparison with 100% moderate calcific bridge in the NES group. The NES group showed significantly less inflammation at days 7 and 28, and higher fibrosis at day 7 compared with Ca(OH)<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Nano eggshell\u2010based slurry represents a promising novel direct pulp\u2010capping material with favourable pulp tissue response.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/iej.13949","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,26]],"date-time":"2023-06-26T13:44:37Z","timestamp":1687787077000},"page":"1129-1146","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Nano eggshell\u2010based slurry as a direct pulp\u2010capping material: <i>In vitro<\/i> characterization and histopathological assessment in an experimental animal model"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"56","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-8587-1150","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shaimaa","family":"Nabil\u00a0Sulyiman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomaterials Department Misr University for Science and Technology  Cairo Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aiah A.","family":"El\u2010Rashidy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomaterials Department, Faculty of Dentistry Cairo university  Cairo Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"El\u00a0Moshy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oral Biology Department, Faculty of Dentistry Cairo university  Cairo Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marwa M. 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