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To induce cigarette smoke inhalation, the animals were kept in a chamber filled with tobacco smoke for 8\u2009min thrice a day for 50\u2009days. AP was induced 20\u2009days after inhalation initiation by exposing their coronary pulp to their oral environment for 30\u2009days. After animals were euthanized, their right hemimaxillae were removed for histopathological, semi\u2010quantitative and immunohistochemical (F4\/80, CD206 and iNOS) analyses.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Quantitative data showed a moderate number of inflammatory infiltrates in AP and an intense number in APS (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u2009.05). Comparing F4\/80+ cells showed no statistically significant differences among groups, but we found more CD206+ cells in AP than in C and S (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&gt;\u2009.05). INOS+ immunostaining showed a significant increase in AP and APS, when compared with C and S (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u2009.05). APS had more iNOS+ cells than AP (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u2009.05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cigarette smoke inhalation worsened AP, leading to a predominantly pro\u2010 inflammatory profile in our experimental model.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/iej.13981","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,4]],"date-time":"2023-10-04T04:40:59Z","timestamp":1696394459000},"page":"1559-1570","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Effects of cigarette smoke inhalation on the immune\u2010inflammatory profile of experimental apical periodontitis in rats"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"56","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7570-6126","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Claudia Rodrigues","family":"da Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Odontologia Preventiva e Restauradora, Faculdade de Odontologia Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)  Ara\u00e7atuba Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1211-2363","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Maria Veiga","family":"Vasques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Odontologia Preventiva e Restauradora, Faculdade de Odontologia Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)  Ara\u00e7atuba Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1897-2823","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos Roberto Emerenciano","family":"Bueno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Odontologia Preventiva e Restauradora, Faculdade de Odontologia Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)  Ara\u00e7atuba Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edilson","family":"Ervolino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ci\u00eancias B\u00e1sicas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Ara\u00e7atuba Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)  S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2348-7846","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luciano Tavares \u00c2ngelo","family":"Cintra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Odontologia Preventiva e Restauradora, Faculdade de Odontologia Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)  Ara\u00e7atuba Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia Cristina","family":"Biguetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regenerative Medicine Research Laboratory, 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