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Of 34 samples, 24 samples with Vertucci type 2 configuration within the mesial root of each sample were allocated to Groups 1 and 2 and then matched based on the working length and root canal configuration. After inoculation of samples with <jats:italic>E.\u2009faecalis<\/jats:italic> for 3\u2009weeks, the GWS was used on Group 1 without any instrumentation and Group 2 after instrumentation of mesial canals until size 20\/06v. CFU and SEM analysis were used.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Log<jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub> (CFU\/mL) from the positive control, and Group 1 and 2 were 7.41\u2009\u00b1\u20090.53, 3.41\u2009\u00b1\u20091.54, and 3.21\u2009\u00b1\u20091.54, respectively. Both groups showed a statistically significant difference in the reduction of viable <jats:italic>E.\u2009faecalis<\/jats:italic> cells compared to the positive control (Group 1 [<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.0001] and Group 2 [<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.0001]), whilst showing no significant difference between the two tested groups (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.05).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The use of GWS on the non\u2010instrumented root canal system could be an effective disinfection protocol in removing the biofilm without dentin debris formation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/iej.14044","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,20]],"date-time":"2024-02-20T02:29:35Z","timestamp":1708396175000},"page":"922-932","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Efficacy of the GentleWave System in the removal of biofilm from the mesial roots of mandibular molars before and after minimal instrumentation: An ex\u00a0vivo study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"57","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5487-7308","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kwang Ho","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C\u00e9line","family":"L\u00e9vesque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gevik","family":"Malkhassian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bettina","family":"Basrani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/iej.13925"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2021.06.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.37.6.1771-1776.1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2019.03.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2015.04.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10266-020-00586-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ma12213492"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/iej.13813"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6976.2012.00325.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2591.2002.00504.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0099-2399(06)80022-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2009.03.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2591.2000.00291.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345870660081801"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-015-1632-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2013.12.029"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2019.10.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/iej.13321"},{"issue":"22","key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","article-title":"Histological evaluation of multisonic technology for debridement of vital and necrotic pulp tissues from human molar teeth. 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