{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T19:16:39Z","timestamp":1767899799650,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,31]],"date-time":"2024-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722384000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int Endodontic J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>The objective of this study is to analyse the gene expression profile of the dental pulp (DP) of human premolars subjected to 7 and 28\u2009days of orthodontic force (OF) <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> by using RNA sequencing. The maxillary and mandibular DP were additionally compared.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Healthy patients requiring orthodontic premolar extractions were randomly assigned to one of the three groups: control (CG) where no OF was applied, 7 and 28\u2009days, where premolars were extracted either 7 or 28\u2009days after the application of a 50\u2013100\u2009g OF. Total RNA was extracted from the DP and analysed via RNA\u2010seq. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified using a false discovery rate and fold change threshold of &lt;0.05 and \u22651.5, respectively. Functional analysis was performed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>After 7\u2009days of OF, pulp reaction indicates immune response, hypoxia, DNA damage and epigenetic regulation. After 28\u2009days, cell adhesion, migration, organization and tissue repair are evident. The maxillary and mandibular pulp tissues react differently to OF. The maxilla exhibits minimal alterations, mostly related to immune response at 7\u2009days and tissue repair at 28\u2009days, whereas the mandible shows mostly DNA damage and epigenetic regulation at 7\u2009days and return to the original state at 28\u2009days.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study demonstrates that the early reaction of the DP to OF is marked by immune response, hypoxia and DNA damage. In contrast, after 28\u2009days, cell adhesion, migration, organization, tissue repair and dentine formation are observed. Maxillary and mandibular premolars react differently to OF: although the maxilla exhibits minimal alterations at both time points, the mandible mostly shows DNA damage, epigenetic regulation, and immune response at 7\u2009days. These disparities could stem from different blood supplies or the lower maxillary bone density, potentially triggering faster biological changes. Our findings provide insights into the gene regulatory networks modulating DP response to OF.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/iej.14131","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]],"date-time":"2024-08-01T04:31:05Z","timestamp":1722486665000},"page":"1783-1801","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["How does orthodontic tooth movement influence the dental pulp? 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